https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=SHEUM&feed=atom&action=historySHEUM - Revision history2024-03-29T11:44:52ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.4https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=SHEUM&diff=13712&oldid=prevRfs at 20:22, 29 March 20232023-03-29T20:22:05Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The fact that the Prophet Joseph Smith did not translate this name, but rather transliterated it, indicates that he did not know of an English word for this grain or food item. Therefore, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' cannot be equated with any English names of seeds or grains attested by their English name in the Book of Mormon. Additionally, any suggestions for an etymology probably should also be narrowed to a New World food for which the Prophet would not have known the English translation. Thus, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' is probably not to be equated with wheat, barley, rye, oats, garlic,<ref>For a discussion of “garlic,” see below.</ref> onion, sorghum, millet, lentils, pulse, peas, squash, beans, perhaps even emmer wheat,<ref>Emmer wheat is not native to the Americas, although barley is: “…extensive archaeological evidence also points to the cultivation of little barley in the Southwest and parts of Mexico.” Michael T. Dunne and William Green, “Terminal Archaic and Early Woodland plant use at the Gast Spring Site (13LA152), Southeast Iowa,” ''Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology'' (Spring 1998), 8; [[John L. Sorenson]] and [[Robert F. Smith]], “Barley in Ancient America,” ''[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Update'', December 1983 and December 1984, reprinted in [[John W. Welch]], ed., ''Reexploring the Book of Mormon: The [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|F.A.R.M.S.]] Updates'' (Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]]/[[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: Deseret Book, 1992), 130-132.</ref> etc. Native American grains or food items that Joseph Smith might not have been familiar with could include amaranth, chili-peppers ([[John L. Sorenson|JLS]]), jocote (mombin), manioc (cassava), huauzontle, chia, teosinte ([[Robert F. Smith|RFS]]), possibly quinoa ([[Paul Y. Hoskisson|PYH]]), etc.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The fact that the Prophet Joseph Smith did not translate this name, but rather transliterated it, indicates that he did not know of an English word for this grain or food item. Therefore, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' cannot be equated with any English names of seeds or grains attested by their English name in the Book of Mormon. Additionally, any suggestions for an etymology probably should also be narrowed to a New World food for which the Prophet would not have known the English translation. Thus, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' is probably not to be equated with wheat, barley, rye, oats, garlic,<ref>For a discussion of “garlic,” see below.</ref> onion, sorghum, millet, lentils, pulse, peas, squash, beans, perhaps even emmer wheat,<ref>Emmer wheat is not native to the Americas, although barley is: “…extensive archaeological evidence also points to the cultivation of little barley in the Southwest and parts of Mexico.” Michael T. Dunne and William Green, “Terminal Archaic and Early Woodland plant use at the Gast Spring Site (13LA152), Southeast Iowa,” ''Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology'' (Spring 1998), 8; [[John L. Sorenson]] and [[Robert F. Smith]], “Barley in Ancient America,” ''[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Update'', December 1983 and December 1984, reprinted in [[John W. Welch]], ed., ''Reexploring the Book of Mormon: The [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|F.A.R.M.S.]] Updates'' (Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]]/[[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: Deseret Book, 1992), 130-132.</ref> etc. Native American grains or food items that Joseph Smith might not have been familiar with could include amaranth, chili-peppers ([[John L. Sorenson|JLS]]), jocote (mombin), manioc (cassava), huauzontle, chia, teosinte ([[Robert F. Smith|RFS]]), possibly quinoa ([[Paul Y. Hoskisson|PYH]]), etc.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The closest known term available is in Sumerian cuneiform and was used throughout Mesopotamia as a primary word for “grain,” Sumerian <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ŠE (ŠE.PAD.MEŠ), </del>ŠE.UM, ŠE.AM, <sup>ŋeš</sup>še, še, še-am, “barley; grain; length measure 3.33 cm; 1/180 GIN<sub>2</sub> [shekel of silver],”<ref>ePSD, 𒊺 .</ref> and long thought to have been borrowed as Old Akkadian ''šeʼum'' “barley; grain; cereal; pine nut (pignolia); grain-measure,”<ref>a Sumerian loanword according to von Soden, ''AHw'', 1222; ŠE, ''šeʼum'', “barley, grain,” <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as in John Huehnergard, ''A Grammar of Akkadian'' (1997), 528; </del>René Labat, ''Manuel d’épigraphie akkadienne'', rev. ed. (Paris: Libraire Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1976), 367; ''Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago'' (Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010) = ''CAD'', “Š2” 17/2:345-355; Koehler & Baumgartner, ''HALOT'', III:1346a; J. L. Sorenson in D. Parry, D. Peterson, and J. Welch, eds., ''Echoes and Evidences'' (Provo: FARMS, 2002), 288, citing R. F. Smith, “Some ‘Neologisms’ from the Mormon Canon,” in ''Conference on the Language of the Mormons, 1973'' (Provo: BYU Language Research Center, 1973), 66, and Sorenson, “Viva Zapato! Hurray for the Shoe!” ''Review of Books on the Book of Mormon'', 6/1 (1994):338-339, online at https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/msr/ ; ''Encyclopedia of Mormonism'', I:173.</ref> and Mari ''šeʼum'' “barley,”<ref>''CAD'' “Š” 14-15, citing A. Finet, ed., ''La voix de l’opposition en Mésopotamie'', March 20, 1973, Colloquium organized by the Belgian Institute of Higher Studies, 181 A.1153:16, coll.; J.-M. Dunand in ''MARI'', 5:669 (''Annales de Recherches Interdisciplinaires''); and K. R. Veenhof in ''NABU'' 1992/5 (''Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires'').</ref> though those Akkadian readings are now rejected.<ref>Alasdair Livingstone, "The Akkadian Word for Barley: A Note from the Schoolroom," ''Journal of Semitic Studies'' 42/1 (Spring 1997):1-5, objects that no such Akkadian reading is viable – cited by Christopher Smith in http://chriscarrollsmith.blogspot.com/2008/12/sheum-in-book-of-mormon.html . However, since Sumerian affords an exact parallel, the Akkadian is unnecessary.</ref> Naturally, that Sumerian logographic form would have to have been passed on to the Zeniffites and people of Zarahemla as part of Jaredite cultural baggage. Zipora Cochavi-Rainey points to the same sort of "habitual spellings" used by Egyptian scribes writing Akkadian.<ref>Cochavi-Rainey, ''The Akkadian Dialect of Egyptian Scribes'', 37,74.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The closest known term available is in Sumerian cuneiform and was used throughout Mesopotamia as a primary word for “grain,” Sumerian ŠE.UM, ŠE.AM, <sup>ŋeš</sup>še, še, še-am, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ŠE (ŠE.PAD.MEŠ) </ins>“barley; grain; length measure 3.33 cm; 1/180 GIN<sub>2</sub> [shekel of silver],”<ref>ePSD, 𒊺 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">; John Huehnergard, ''A Grammar of Akkadian'' (1997), 528</ins>.</ref> and long thought to have been borrowed as Old Akkadian ''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*</ins>šeʼum'' “barley; grain; cereal; pine nut (pignolia); grain-measure,”<ref><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">once considered </ins>a Sumerian loanword according to von Soden, ''AHw'', 1222; ŠE, ''šeʼum'', “barley, grain,” René Labat, ''Manuel d’épigraphie akkadienne'', rev. ed. (Paris: Libraire Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1976), 367; ''Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago'' (Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010) = ''CAD'', “Š2” 17/2:345-355; Koehler & Baumgartner, ''HALOT'', III:1346a; J. L. Sorenson in D. Parry, D. Peterson, and J. Welch, eds., ''Echoes and Evidences'' (Provo: FARMS, 2002), 288, citing R. F. Smith, “Some ‘Neologisms’ from the Mormon Canon,” in ''Conference on the Language of the Mormons, 1973'' (Provo: BYU Language Research Center, 1973), 66, and Sorenson, “Viva Zapato! Hurray for the Shoe!” ''Review of Books on the Book of Mormon'', 6/1 (1994):338-339, online at https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/msr/ ; ''Encyclopedia of Mormonism'', I:173.</ref> and Mari ''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*</ins>šeʼum'' “barley,”<ref>''CAD'' “Š” 14-15, citing A. Finet, ed., ''La voix de l’opposition en Mésopotamie'', March 20, 1973, Colloquium organized by the Belgian Institute of Higher Studies, 181 A.1153:16, coll.; J.-M. Dunand in ''MARI'', 5:669 (''Annales de Recherches Interdisciplinaires''); and K. R. Veenhof in ''NABU'' 1992/5 (''Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires'').</ref> though those Akkadian readings are now rejected.<ref>Alasdair Livingstone, "The Akkadian Word for Barley: A Note from the Schoolroom," ''Journal of Semitic Studies'' 42/1 (Spring 1997):1-5, objects that no such Akkadian reading is viable – cited by Christopher Smith in http://chriscarrollsmith.blogspot.com/2008/12/sheum-in-book-of-mormon.html . However, since Sumerian affords an exact parallel, the Akkadian is unnecessary.</ref> Naturally, that Sumerian logographic form would have to have been passed on to the Zeniffites and people of Zarahemla as part of Jaredite cultural baggage. Zipora Cochavi-Rainey points to the same sort of "habitual spellings" used by Egyptian scribes writing Akkadian.<ref>Cochavi-Rainey, ''The Akkadian Dialect of Egyptian Scribes'', 37,74.</ref></div></td></tr>
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</table>Rfshttps://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=SHEUM&diff=13525&oldid=prevRfs at 05:12, 21 November 20192019-11-21T05:12:09Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 23:12, 20 November 2019</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''S<small>HEUM</small>''' is a Book of Mormon hapax legomenon. It occurs in a list with food items, namely, corn, wheat, barley, [[NEAS|N<small>EAS</small>]] (another Book of Mormon hapax legomenon), and fruit seeds. Therefore, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' is a food item. Though it appears in a list of seeds and grains, the context in [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/9.9?lang=eng#8 Mosiah 9:9] allows the possibility that '''S<small>HEUM</small>''', along with [[NEAS|N<small>EAS</small>]], need not be a grain or a seed.<ref>Corn, wheat, barley, and “all manner of fruits” are all preceded by “of,” indicating a genitive relationship with “seeds.” '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' and [[NEAS|N<small>EAS</small>]] are not preceded by “of” and therefore do not necessarily stand syntactically in a genitival relationship with “seeds.”</ref> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''S<small>HEUM</small>''' is a Book of Mormon hapax legomenon. It occurs in a list with food items, namely, corn, wheat, barley, [[NEAS|N<small>EAS</small>]] (another Book of Mormon hapax legomenon), and fruit seeds. Therefore, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' is a food item. Though it appears in a list of seeds and grains, the context in [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/9.9?lang=eng#8 Mosiah 9:9] allows the possibility that '''S<small>HEUM</small>''', along with [[NEAS|N<small>EAS</small>]], need not be a grain or a seed.<ref>Corn, wheat, barley, and “all manner of fruits” are all preceded by “of,” indicating a genitive relationship with “seeds.” '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' and [[NEAS|N<small>EAS</small>]] are not preceded by “of” and therefore do not necessarily stand syntactically in a genitival relationship with “seeds.”</ref> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The fact that the Prophet Joseph Smith did not translate this name, but rather transliterated it, indicates that he did not know of an English word for this grain or food item. Therefore, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' cannot be equated with any English names of seeds or grains attested by their English name in the Book of Mormon. Additionally, any suggestions for an etymology probably should also be narrowed to a New World food for which the Prophet would not have known the English translation. Thus, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' is probably not to be equated with wheat, barley, rye, oats, garlic,<ref>For a discussion of “garlic,” see below.</ref> onion, sorghum, millet, lentils, pulse, peas, squash, beans, perhaps even emmer wheat,<ref>Emmer wheat is not native to the Americas, although barley is: “…extensive archaeological evidence also points to the cultivation of little barley in the Southwest and parts of Mexico.” Michael T. Dunne and William Green, “Terminal Archaic and Early Woodland plant use at the Gast Spring Site (13LA152), Southeast Iowa,” ''Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology'' (Spring 1998), 8; [[John L. Sorenson]] and [[Robert F. Smith]], “Barley in Ancient America,” ''[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Update'', December 1983 and December 1984, reprinted in [[John W. Welch]], ed., ''Reexploring the Book of Mormon: The [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|F.A.R.M.S.]] Updates'' (Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]]/[[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: Deseret Book, 1992), 130-132.</ref> etc. Native American grains or food items that Joseph Smith might not have been familiar with could include amaranth ([[John L. Sorenson|JLS]]), jocote (mombin), manioc (cassava) ([[Robert F. Smith|RFS]]), possibly quinoa ([[Paul Y. Hoskisson|PYH<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]), chiles ([[John Gee|JG</del>]]), etc.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The fact that the Prophet Joseph Smith did not translate this name, but rather transliterated it, indicates that he did not know of an English word for this grain or food item. Therefore, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' cannot be equated with any English names of seeds or grains attested by their English name in the Book of Mormon. Additionally, any suggestions for an etymology probably should also be narrowed to a New World food for which the Prophet would not have known the English translation. Thus, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' is probably not to be equated with wheat, barley, rye, oats, garlic,<ref>For a discussion of “garlic,” see below.</ref> onion, sorghum, millet, lentils, pulse, peas, squash, beans, perhaps even emmer wheat,<ref>Emmer wheat is not native to the Americas, although barley is: “…extensive archaeological evidence also points to the cultivation of little barley in the Southwest and parts of Mexico.” Michael T. Dunne and William Green, “Terminal Archaic and Early Woodland plant use at the Gast Spring Site (13LA152), Southeast Iowa,” ''Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology'' (Spring 1998), 8; [[John L. Sorenson]] and [[Robert F. Smith]], “Barley in Ancient America,” ''[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Update'', December 1983 and December 1984, reprinted in [[John W. Welch]], ed., ''Reexploring the Book of Mormon: The [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|F.A.R.M.S.]] Updates'' (Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]]/[[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: Deseret Book, 1992), 130-132.</ref> etc. Native American grains or food items that Joseph Smith might not have been familiar with could include amaranth<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, chili-peppers </ins>([[John L. Sorenson|JLS]]), jocote (mombin), manioc (cassava)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, huauzontle, chia, teosinte </ins>([[Robert F. Smith|RFS]]), possibly quinoa ([[Paul Y. Hoskisson|PYH]]), etc.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Over the years, several suggestions for an etymology of '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' have been proffered and have gained traction in some circles. The discussion here will treat these <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">earlier </del>suggestions <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">before other possibilities are presented</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The closest known term available is in Sumerian cuneiform and was used throughout Mesopotamia as a primary word for “grain,” Sumerian ŠE (ŠE.PAD.MEŠ), ŠE.UM, ŠE.AM, <sup>ŋeš</sup>še, še, še-am, “barley; grain; length measure 3.33 cm; 1/180 GIN<sub>2</sub> [shekel of silver],”<ref>ePSD, 𒊺 .</ref> and long thought to have been borrowed as Old Akkadian ''šeʼum'' “barley; grain; cereal; pine nut (pignolia); grain-measure,”<ref>a Sumerian loanword according to von Soden, ''AHw'', 1222; ŠE, ''šeʼum'', “barley, grain,” as in John Huehnergard, ''A Grammar of Akkadian'' (1997), 528; René Labat, ''Manuel d’épigraphie akkadienne'', rev. ed. (Paris: Libraire Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1976), 367; ''Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago'' (Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010) = ''CAD'', “Š2” 17/2:345-355; Koehler & Baumgartner, ''HALOT'', III:1346a; J. L. Sorenson in D. Parry, D. Peterson, and J. Welch, eds., ''Echoes and Evidences'' (Provo: FARMS, 2002), 288, citing R. F. Smith, “Some ‘Neologisms’ from the Mormon Canon,” in ''Conference on the Language of the Mormons, 1973'' (Provo: BYU Language Research Center, 1973), 66, and Sorenson, “Viva Zapato! Hurray for the Shoe!” ''Review of Books on the Book of Mormon'', 6/1 (1994):338-339, online at https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/msr/ ; ''Encyclopedia of Mormonism'', I:173.</ref> and Mari ''šeʼum'' “barley,”<ref>''CAD'' “Š” 14-15, citing A. Finet, ed., ''La voix de l’opposition en Mésopotamie'', March 20, 1973, Colloquium organized by the Belgian Institute of Higher Studies, 181 A.1153:16, coll.; J.-M. Dunand in ''MARI'', 5:669 (''Annales de Recherches Interdisciplinaires''); and K. R. Veenhof in ''NABU'' 1992/5 (''Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires'').</ref> though those Akkadian readings are now rejected.<ref>Alasdair Livingstone, "The Akkadian Word for Barley: A Note from the Schoolroom," ''Journal of Semitic Studies'' 42/1 (Spring 1997):1-5, objects that no such Akkadian reading is viable – cited by Christopher Smith in http://chriscarrollsmith.blogspot.com/2008/12/sheum-in-book-of-mormon.html . However, since Sumerian affords an exact parallel, the Akkadian is unnecessary.</ref> Naturally, that Sumerian logographic form would have to have been passed on to the Zeniffites and people of Zarahemla as part of Jaredite cultural baggage. Zipora Cochavi-Rainey points to the same sort of "habitual spellings" used by Egyptian scribes writing Akkadian.<ref>Cochavi-Rainey, ''The Akkadian Dialect of Egyptian Scribes'', 37,74.</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Over the years, several <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">other </ins>suggestions for an etymology of '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' have been proffered and have gained traction in some circles. The discussion here will treat <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">some of </ins>these suggestions. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''S<small>HEUM</small>''' might not have an ancient Near Eastern language origin, i.e., it might have been borrowed into Lehite from an indigenous vocabel native to the Americas but unknown to Joseph Smith. In light of this possibility, the suggestion of Maya ''ixim'' (pronounced ''ishim'') “maize” would be intriguing<ref>Mark Wright in a personal communication, 9 October 2012. Bruce Warren has also suggested that ''ixim'' might stand behind some Book of Mormon names. See ''Meridian'', 2005, online at http://www.ldsmag.com/article/1/196.</ref> if it were not for the inclusion of “corn” in the same passage where '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' occurs.<ref>Though ''corn'' in the King James Bible always means “grain,” and can be assumed in one ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/9.14?lang=eng#13 Mosiah 9:14]) of the three passages where it appears in the Book of Mormon, the other two passages ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/7.22?lang=eng#21 Mosiah 7:22] and [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/9.9?lang=eng#8 9:9]) do not lend themselves to mean “grain,” but rather “maize.” It must be admitted that ''maize'' comes into English through Spanish from Arawakan, the native American language group of the Carribean and much of South America.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''S<small>HEUM</small>''' might not have an ancient Near Eastern language origin, i.e., it might have been borrowed into Lehite from an indigenous vocabel native to the Americas but unknown to Joseph Smith. In light of this possibility, the suggestion of Maya ''ixim'' (pronounced ''ishim'') “maize” would be intriguing<ref>Mark Wright in a personal communication, 9 October 2012. Bruce Warren has also suggested that ''ixim'' might stand behind some Book of Mormon names. See ''Meridian'', 2005, online at http://www.ldsmag.com/article/1/196.</ref> if it were not for the inclusion of “corn” in the same passage where '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' occurs.<ref>Though ''corn'' in the King James Bible always means “grain,” and can be assumed in one ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/9.14?lang=eng#13 Mosiah 9:14]) of the three passages where it appears in the Book of Mormon, the other two passages ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/7.22?lang=eng#21 Mosiah 7:22] and [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/9.9?lang=eng#8 9:9]) do not lend themselves to mean “grain,” but rather “maize.” It must be admitted that ''maize'' comes into English through Spanish from Arawakan, the native American language group of the Carribean and much of South America.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l18">Line 18:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 21:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On the other hand, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' may be a Semitic or an [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] word used for a New World plant. Therefore, looking for a Near Eastern derivation, even if the meaning of the root does not match the parameters outlined above, is appropriate.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On the other hand, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' may be a Semitic or an [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] word used for a New World plant. Therefore, looking for a Near Eastern derivation, even if the meaning of the root does not match the parameters outlined above, is appropriate.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A tempting suggestion has been made that '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' might be derived from Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'' which has a wide range of attested meanings, including “barley, wheat, grain, cereal, pinenuts,” etc. There are two issues with this suggestion. First, for various reasons, if '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' were to be derived from Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'', it would have to have been brought to the Americas by the [[JAREDITES|J<small>AREDITES</small>]] during or shortly after the Old Akkadian period when ''šeʾum'' still retained the case ending ''u'', and the ''m'' of mimation. It would then have been passed to the Mulekites, and eventually given to the [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITES</small>]].<ref>Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'' contains the nominative case ending ''u'' and the ''m'' of mimation. Neither the case ending nor mimation for a singular noun exist in biblical [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]]. Additionally, post Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'', i.e., Babylonian and Assyrian, lost the consistent use of the case ending and mimation, especially in the Iron Age of [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]]’s day. To be more precise, by Middle Assyrian and Middle Babylonian times, the case endings were no longer being used correctly for case and number. In Neo-Assyrian times, “no syllabic writing of ''šeʾu'' is attested” (notice also the lack of mimation). The rare instances of Sumerian ŠE in Neo Babylonian should not be considered seriously because they are too late to have influenced [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]], and because the sign ŠE is probably to be read as ''uṭṭatu''. See also ''Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago.'' U & W. (Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010), 349, 356-357; Ibid, 17 “Š” Part 2:354-355; and Wolfram von Soden. ''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch.'' (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965), 1222; Robert F. Smith “Some ‘Neologisms’ from the Mormon Canon,” ''1973 Conference on the Language of the Mormons'', May 31, 1973 (Provo: BYU Language Research Center, 1973), 66, online at https://www.scribd.com/document/363522963/SOME-NEOLOGISMS-FROM-THE-MORMON-CANON .</ref> Second, there are some questions concerning the reading of the Sumerian sign ŠE from which Akkadian ''šeʾum'' supposedly derives, that make a direct borrowing from Sumerian unlikely.<ref>Sumerian ŠE lacks the nominative case ending ''u'' and the ''m'' of mimation that are necessary if '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' were to be derived from ŠE. In no case that I am aware of did [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] retain a case ending or mimation when it did borrow an Akkadian word that ultimately was a borrowing of a Sumerian word. The two best known examples of a borrowing of a Sumerian word through Akkadian into [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] are ''hêkal'' and ''kissē''. Additionally, there is some variance in how the sign ŠE is read when it means “barley, grain, etc.” Both ''šeʾu'' and ''uʾu'' are possible. See [[Rykle Borger, Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon. 2nd ed. AOAT 305. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2010.|''MZ'']] #579 (p. 374), middle of the page.</ref></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">But even given these possibilities, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' cannot mean “barley” or “wheat” for the reasons already mentioned above, i.e., barley and wheat are included in the same verse with '''S<small>HEUM</small>'''. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] noun ''sm''<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, however</del>, seems to offer a possible etymology. It means “herb, herbage, vegetables, plants,” etc.<ref>Raymond O. Faulkner, ''A Concise Dictionary of Middle [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]]'' (Oxford: Griffith Institute, 1962), 225.</ref> In Demotic (a later script and dialect of [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] roughly contemporary with [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]]) this noun appears as both ''sm'' and ''sym'',<ref>Wolja Erichsen, ''Demotisches Glossar'' (Kopehagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1952), 430.</ref> pronounced ''sim'' in Coptic ([[John Gee|JG]]).The [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''s'' appearing as a Semitic ''š'' would present no problems<ref>[[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''š'' is represented as an ''s'' in [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] 28% of the time (James E. Hoch, ''[[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Words in [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period'' [Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994] 433), and [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''s'' is a [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''š'' about 33% of the time (ibid., 436). The sound shifts are thus possible.</ref> ([[John Gee|JG]]). Thus '''S<small>HEUM</small>''', meaning a New World herb or vegetable for which Joseph Smith did not have a word in English, could have been derived from [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''sm''. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] noun ''sm'', seems to offer a possible etymology. It means “herb, herbage, vegetables, plants,” etc.<ref>Raymond O. Faulkner, ''A Concise Dictionary of Middle [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]]'' (Oxford: Griffith Institute, 1962), 225.</ref> In Demotic (a later script and dialect of [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] roughly contemporary with [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]]) this noun appears as both ''sm'' and ''sym'',<ref>Wolja Erichsen, ''Demotisches Glossar'' (Kopehagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1952), 430.</ref> pronounced ''sim'' in Coptic ([[John Gee|JG]]).The [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''s'' appearing as a Semitic ''š'' would present no problems<ref>[[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''š'' is represented as an ''s'' in [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] 28% of the time (James E. Hoch, ''[[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Words in [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period'' [Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994] 433), and [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''s'' is a [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''š'' about 33% of the time (ibid., 436). The sound shifts are thus possible.</ref> ([[John Gee|JG]]). Thus '''S<small>HEUM</small>''', meaning a New World herb or vegetable for which Joseph Smith did not have a word in English, could have been derived from [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''sm''. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It might be tempting to equate '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' with [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''sěʾâ'', a grain measure. [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''sěʾâ'' is cognate with Akkadian ''šeʾatum'' "milled-grain," and ''sūtum'', "a measuring vessel,"<ref>Hayim ben Yosef Tawil, ''An Akkadian Lexical Companion for Biblical Hebrew: Etymological-Semantic and Idiomatic Equivalents with Supplement on Biblical Aramaic''. (Jersey City: [[(Jewish Publisher)|KTAV]], 2009), 255, citing “S.” ''Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago.'' (Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010), 420a; Wolfram von Soden. ''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch.'' (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965), 1064a.</ref> which (like ''šeʼum'') are ultimately derived from Sumerian ŠE.<ref>Akkadian ''sūtu'', cognate with biblical ''sĕʾâ'', meaning “a measuring vessel,” occurs in the same context in a cuneiform text with the word for (barley) grain, ''šeʾum''. See Hayim ben Yosef Tawil, ''An Akkadian Lexical Companion for Biblical Hebrew'' (Jersey City, NJ: [[(Jewish Publisher)|KTAV]] 2009), 255.</ref> However, it is unlikely that [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''sĕʾâ'' (Akkadian ''sūtu'') and Akkadian ''šeʾum'' are related. While ''sūtu'' is middle weak, ''šeʾum'' appears to be final weak. Additionally, ''samakh'' and ''shin'' are not easily mistaken. Therefore, [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''sĕʾâ'' is probably not the origin of '''S<small>HEUM</small>''', especially since ''sĕʾâ'' does not explain the final ''m''.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It might be tempting to equate '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' with [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''sěʾâ'', a grain measure. [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''sěʾâ'' is cognate with Akkadian ''šeʾatum'' "milled-grain," and ''sūtum'', "a measuring vessel,"<ref>Hayim ben Yosef Tawil, ''An Akkadian Lexical Companion for Biblical Hebrew: Etymological-Semantic and Idiomatic Equivalents with Supplement on Biblical Aramaic''. (Jersey City: [[(Jewish Publisher)|KTAV]], 2009), 255, citing “S.” ''Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago.'' (Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010), 420a; Wolfram von Soden. ''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch.'' (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965), 1064a.</ref> which (like ''šeʼum'') are ultimately derived from Sumerian ŠE.<ref>Akkadian ''sūtu'', cognate with biblical ''sĕʾâ'', meaning “a measuring vessel,” occurs in the same context in a cuneiform text with the word for (barley) grain, ''šeʾum''. See Hayim ben Yosef Tawil, ''An Akkadian Lexical Companion for Biblical Hebrew'' (Jersey City, NJ: [[(Jewish Publisher)|KTAV]] 2009), 255.</ref> However, it is unlikely that [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''sĕʾâ'' (Akkadian ''sūtu'') and Akkadian ''šeʾum'' are related. While ''sūtu'' is middle weak, ''šeʾum'' appears to be final weak. Additionally, ''samakh'' and ''shin'' are not easily mistaken. Therefore, [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''sĕʾâ'' is probably not the origin of '''S<small>HEUM</small>''', especially since ''sĕʾâ'' does not explain the final ''m''.</div></td></tr>
</table>Rfshttps://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=SHEUM&diff=13353&oldid=prevRfs at 06:23, 11 November 20172017-11-11T06:23:34Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:23, 11 November 2017</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l18">Line 18:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On the other hand, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' may be a Semitic or an [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] word used for a New World plant. Therefore, looking for a Near Eastern derivation, even if the meaning of the root does not match the parameters outlined above, is appropriate.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On the other hand, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' may be a Semitic or an [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] word used for a New World plant. Therefore, looking for a Near Eastern derivation, even if the meaning of the root does not match the parameters outlined above, is appropriate.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A tempting suggestion has been made that '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' might be derived from Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'' which has a wide range of attested meanings, including “barley, wheat, grain, cereal, pinenuts,” etc. There are two issues with this suggestion. First, for various reasons, if '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' were to be derived from Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'', it would have to have been brought to the Americas by the [[JAREDITES|J<small>AREDITES</small>]] during or shortly after the Old Akkadian period when ''šeʾum'' still retained the case ending ''u'', and the ''m'' of mimation. It would then have been passed to the Mulekites, and eventually given to the [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITES</small>]].<ref>Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'' contains the nominative case ending ''u'' and the ''m'' of mimation. Neither the case ending nor mimation for a singular noun exist in biblical [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]]. Additionally, post Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'', i.e., Babylonian and Assyrian, lost the consistent use of the case ending and mimation, especially in the Iron Age of [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]]’s day. To be more precise, by Middle Assyrian and Middle Babylonian times, the case endings were no longer being used correctly for case and number. In Neo-Assyrian times, “no syllabic writing of ''šeʾu'' is attested” (notice also the lack of mimation). The rare instances of Sumerian ŠE in Neo Babylonian should not be considered seriously because they are too late to have influenced [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]], and because the sign ŠE is probably to be read as ''uṭṭatu''. See also ''Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago.'' U & W. (Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010), 349, 356-357; Ibid, 17 “Š” Part 2:354-355; and Wolfram von Soden. ''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch.'' (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965), 1222.</ref> Second, there are some questions concerning the reading of the Sumerian sign ŠE from which Akkadian ''šeʾum'' supposedly derives, that make a direct borrowing from Sumerian unlikely.<ref>Sumerian ŠE lacks the nominative case ending ''u'' and the ''m'' of mimation that are necessary if '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' were to be derived from ŠE. In no case that I am aware of did [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] retain a case ending or mimation when it did borrow an Akkadian word that ultimately was a borrowing of a Sumerian word. The two best known examples of a borrowing of a Sumerian word through Akkadian into [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] are ''hêkal'' and ''kissē''. Additionally, there is some variance in how the sign ŠE is read when it means “barley, grain, etc.” Both ''šeʾu'' and ''uʾu'' are possible. See [[Rykle Borger, Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon. 2nd ed. AOAT 305. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2010.|''MZ'']] #579 (p. 374), middle of the page.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A tempting suggestion has been made that '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' might be derived from Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'' which has a wide range of attested meanings, including “barley, wheat, grain, cereal, pinenuts,” etc. There are two issues with this suggestion. First, for various reasons, if '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' were to be derived from Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'', it would have to have been brought to the Americas by the [[JAREDITES|J<small>AREDITES</small>]] during or shortly after the Old Akkadian period when ''šeʾum'' still retained the case ending ''u'', and the ''m'' of mimation. It would then have been passed to the Mulekites, and eventually given to the [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITES</small>]].<ref>Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'' contains the nominative case ending ''u'' and the ''m'' of mimation. Neither the case ending nor mimation for a singular noun exist in biblical [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]]. Additionally, post Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'', i.e., Babylonian and Assyrian, lost the consistent use of the case ending and mimation, especially in the Iron Age of [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]]’s day. To be more precise, by Middle Assyrian and Middle Babylonian times, the case endings were no longer being used correctly for case and number. In Neo-Assyrian times, “no syllabic writing of ''šeʾu'' is attested” (notice also the lack of mimation). The rare instances of Sumerian ŠE in Neo Babylonian should not be considered seriously because they are too late to have influenced [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]], and because the sign ŠE is probably to be read as ''uṭṭatu''. See also ''Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago.'' U & W. (Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010), 349, 356-357; Ibid, 17 “Š” Part 2:354-355; and Wolfram von Soden. ''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch.'' (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965), 1222<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">; Robert F. Smith “Some ‘Neologisms’ from the Mormon Canon,” ''1973 Conference on the Language of the Mormons'', May 31, 1973 (Provo: BYU Language Research Center, 1973), 66, online at https://www.scribd.com/document/363522963/SOME-NEOLOGISMS-FROM-THE-MORMON-CANON </ins>.</ref> Second, there are some questions concerning the reading of the Sumerian sign ŠE from which Akkadian ''šeʾum'' supposedly derives, that make a direct borrowing from Sumerian unlikely.<ref>Sumerian ŠE lacks the nominative case ending ''u'' and the ''m'' of mimation that are necessary if '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' were to be derived from ŠE. In no case that I am aware of did [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] retain a case ending or mimation when it did borrow an Akkadian word that ultimately was a borrowing of a Sumerian word. The two best known examples of a borrowing of a Sumerian word through Akkadian into [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] are ''hêkal'' and ''kissē''. Additionally, there is some variance in how the sign ŠE is read when it means “barley, grain, etc.” Both ''šeʾu'' and ''uʾu'' are possible. See [[Rykle Borger, Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon. 2nd ed. AOAT 305. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2010.|''MZ'']] #579 (p. 374), middle of the page.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>But even given these possibilities, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' cannot mean “barley” or “wheat” for the reasons already mentioned above, i.e., barley and wheat are included in the same verse with '''S<small>HEUM</small>'''. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>But even given these possibilities, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' cannot mean “barley” or “wheat” for the reasons already mentioned above, i.e., barley and wheat are included in the same verse with '''S<small>HEUM</small>'''. </div></td></tr>
</table>Rfshttps://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=SHEUM&diff=12628&oldid=prevJKeenerInd: Added Name Index2015-11-21T23:32:29Z<p>Added Name Index</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:32, 21 November 2015</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Several other [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] nouns are distant possibilities, namely, ''šmʿ'' meaning "rush”<ref>Wolja Erichsen. ''Demotisches Glossar.'' (Kopehagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1952), 508.</ref>; ''šmʾ.t'', "granary;"<ref>Ibid.</ref> and ''šmʿ'', "southern," which is used to refer to a type of grain.<ref>Ibid, 509.</ref> The final weak nature of all three and the feminine ending on the second one make these suggestions unlikely.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Several other [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] nouns are distant possibilities, namely, ''šmʿ'' meaning "rush”<ref>Wolja Erichsen. ''Demotisches Glossar.'' (Kopehagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1952), 508.</ref>; ''šmʾ.t'', "granary;"<ref>Ibid.</ref> and ''šmʿ'', "southern," which is used to refer to a type of grain.<ref>Ibid, 509.</ref> The final weak nature of all three and the feminine ending on the second one make these suggestions unlikely.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><div style="text-align: right;">[[Robert F. Smith|RFS]] and [[Paul Y. Hoskisson|PYH]]</div></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>See also [[Sheum Variants]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>See also [[Sheum Variants]]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references/></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite noun]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><div style="text-align: center;"> [[SHERRIZAH|<<]] Sheum [[SHEZ|>>]] </div></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Category:Names</del>]][[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Category:Lehite noun</del>]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==</ins>[[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Name Index</ins>]]<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==</ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>JKeenerIndhttps://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=SHEUM&diff=11790&oldid=prevSamuelfb at 19:01, 21 November 20142014-11-21T19:01:15Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:01, 21 November 2014</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''S<small>HEUM</small>''' is a Book of Mormon hapax legomenon. It occurs in a list with food items, namely, corn, wheat, barley, [[NEAS|N<small>EAS</small>]] (another Book of Mormon hapax legomenon), and fruit seeds. Therefore, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' is a food item. Though it appears in a list of seeds and grains, the context in [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/9.9?lang=eng#8 Mosiah 9:9] allows the possibility that '''S<small>HEUM</small>''', along with [[NEAS|N<small>EAS</small>]], need not be a grain or a seed.<ref>Corn, wheat, barley, and “all manner of fruits” are all preceded by “of,” indicating a genitive relationship with “seeds.” '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' and [[NEAS|N<small>EAS</small>]] are not preceded by “of” and therefore do not necessarily stand syntactically in a genitival relationship with “seeds.”</ref> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''S<small>HEUM</small>''' is a Book of Mormon hapax legomenon. It occurs in a list with food items, namely, corn, wheat, barley, [[NEAS|N<small>EAS</small>]] (another Book of Mormon hapax legomenon), and fruit seeds. Therefore, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' is a food item. Though it appears in a list of seeds and grains, the context in [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/9.9?lang=eng#8 Mosiah 9:9] allows the possibility that '''S<small>HEUM</small>''', along with [[NEAS|N<small>EAS</small>]], need not be a grain or a seed.<ref>Corn, wheat, barley, and “all manner of fruits” are all preceded by “of,” indicating a genitive relationship with “seeds.” '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' and [[NEAS|N<small>EAS</small>]] are not preceded by “of” and therefore do not necessarily stand syntactically in a genitival relationship with “seeds.”</ref> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The fact that the Prophet Joseph Smith did not translate this name, but rather transliterated it, indicates that he did not know of an English word for this grain or food item. Therefore, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' cannot be equated with any English names of seeds or grains attested by their English name in the Book of Mormon. Additionally, any suggestions for an etymology probably should also be narrowed to a New World food for which the Prophet would not have known the English translation. Thus, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' is probably not to be equated with wheat, barley, rye, oats, garlic,<ref>For a discussion of “garlic,” see below.</ref> onion, sorghum, millet, lentils, pulse, peas, squash, beans, perhaps even emmer wheat,<ref>Emmer wheat is not native to the Americas, although barley is: “…extensive archaeological evidence also points to the cultivation of little barley in the Southwest and parts of Mexico.” Michael T. Dunne and William Green, “Terminal Archaic and Early Woodland plant use at the Gast Spring Site (13LA152), Southeast Iowa,” ''Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology'' (Spring 1998), 8; [[John L. Sorenson]] and [[Robert F. Smith]], “Barley in Ancient America,” ''[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Update'', December 1983 and December 1984, reprinted in [[John W. Welch]], ed., ''Reexploring the Book of Mormon: The [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|F.A.R.M.S.]] Updates'' (Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]]/SLC: Deseret Book, 1992), 130-132.</ref> etc. Native American grains or food items that Joseph Smith might not have been familiar with could include amaranth ([[John L. Sorenson|JLS]]), jocote (mombin), manioc (cassava) ([[Robert F. Smith|RFS]]), possibly quinoa ([[Paul Y. Hoskisson|PYH]]), chiles ([[John Gee|JG]]), etc.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The fact that the Prophet Joseph Smith did not translate this name, but rather transliterated it, indicates that he did not know of an English word for this grain or food item. Therefore, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' cannot be equated with any English names of seeds or grains attested by their English name in the Book of Mormon. Additionally, any suggestions for an etymology probably should also be narrowed to a New World food for which the Prophet would not have known the English translation. Thus, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' is probably not to be equated with wheat, barley, rye, oats, garlic,<ref>For a discussion of “garlic,” see below.</ref> onion, sorghum, millet, lentils, pulse, peas, squash, beans, perhaps even emmer wheat,<ref>Emmer wheat is not native to the Americas, although barley is: “…extensive archaeological evidence also points to the cultivation of little barley in the Southwest and parts of Mexico.” Michael T. Dunne and William Green, “Terminal Archaic and Early Woodland plant use at the Gast Spring Site (13LA152), Southeast Iowa,” ''Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology'' (Spring 1998), 8; [[John L. Sorenson]] and [[Robert F. Smith]], “Barley in Ancient America,” ''[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Update'', December 1983 and December 1984, reprinted in [[John W. Welch]], ed., ''Reexploring the Book of Mormon: The [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|F.A.R.M.S.]] Updates'' (Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]]/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Salt Lake City|</ins>SLC<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>: Deseret Book, 1992), 130-132.</ref> etc. Native American grains or food items that Joseph Smith might not have been familiar with could include amaranth ([[John L. Sorenson|JLS]]), jocote (mombin), manioc (cassava) ([[Robert F. Smith|RFS]]), possibly quinoa ([[Paul Y. Hoskisson|PYH]]), chiles ([[John Gee|JG]]), etc.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Over the years, several suggestions for an etymology of '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' have been proffered and have gained traction in some circles. The discussion here will treat these earlier suggestions before other possibilities are presented. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Over the years, several suggestions for an etymology of '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' have been proffered and have gained traction in some circles. The discussion here will treat these earlier suggestions before other possibilities are presented. </div></td></tr>
</table>Samuelfbhttps://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=SHEUM&diff=11440&oldid=prevSamuelfb at 18:28, 28 October 20142014-10-28T18:28:52Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:28, 28 October 2014</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On the other hand, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' may be a Semitic or an [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] word used for a New World plant. Therefore, looking for a Near Eastern derivation, even if the meaning of the root does not match the parameters outlined above, is appropriate.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On the other hand, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' may be a Semitic or an [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] word used for a New World plant. Therefore, looking for a Near Eastern derivation, even if the meaning of the root does not match the parameters outlined above, is appropriate.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A tempting suggestion has been made that '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' might be derived from Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'' which has a wide range of attested meanings, including “barley, wheat, grain, cereal, pinenuts,” etc. There are two issues with this suggestion. First, for various reasons, if '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' were to be derived from Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'', it would have to have been brought to the Americas by the [[JAREDITES|J<small>AREDITES</small>]] during or shortly after the Old Akkadian period when ''šeʾum'' still retained the case ending ''u'', and the ''m'' of mimation. It would then have been passed to the Mulekites, and eventually given to the [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITES</small>]].<ref>Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'' contains the nominative case ending ''u'' and the ''m'' of mimation. Neither the case ending nor mimation for a singular noun exist in biblical [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]]. Additionally, post Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'', i.e., Babylonian and Assyrian, lost the consistent use of the case ending and mimation, especially in the Iron Age of [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]]’s day. To be more precise, by Middle Assyrian and Middle Babylonian times, the case endings were no longer being used correctly for case and number. In Neo-Assyrian times, “no syllabic writing of ''šeʾu'' is attested” (notice also the lack of mimation). The rare instances of Sumerian ŠE in Neo Babylonian should not be considered seriously because they are too late to have influenced [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]], and because the sign ŠE is probably to be read as ''uṭṭatu''. See also ''Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago.'' U & W. (Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010), 349, 356-357; Ibid, 17 “Š” Part 2:354-355; and Wolfram von Soden. ''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch.'' (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965), 1222.</ref> Second, there are some questions concerning the reading of the Sumerian sign ŠE from which Akkadian ''šeʾum'' supposedly derives, that make a direct borrowing from Sumerian unlikely.<ref>Sumerian ŠE lacks the nominative case ending ''u'' and the ''m'' of mimation that are necessary if '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' were to be derived from ŠE. In no case that I am aware of did [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] retain a case ending or mimation when it did borrow an Akkadian word that ultimately was a borrowing of a Sumerian word. The two best known examples of a borrowing of a Sumerian word through Akkadian into [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] are ''hêkal'' and ''kissē''. Additionally, there is some variance in how the sign ŠE is read when it means “barley, grain, etc.” Both ''šeʾu'' and ''uʾu'' are possible. See [[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Abbreviations</del>|''MZ'']] #579 (p. 374), middle of the page.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A tempting suggestion has been made that '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' might be derived from Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'' which has a wide range of attested meanings, including “barley, wheat, grain, cereal, pinenuts,” etc. There are two issues with this suggestion. First, for various reasons, if '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' were to be derived from Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'', it would have to have been brought to the Americas by the [[JAREDITES|J<small>AREDITES</small>]] during or shortly after the Old Akkadian period when ''šeʾum'' still retained the case ending ''u'', and the ''m'' of mimation. It would then have been passed to the Mulekites, and eventually given to the [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITES</small>]].<ref>Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'' contains the nominative case ending ''u'' and the ''m'' of mimation. Neither the case ending nor mimation for a singular noun exist in biblical [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]]. Additionally, post Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'', i.e., Babylonian and Assyrian, lost the consistent use of the case ending and mimation, especially in the Iron Age of [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]]’s day. To be more precise, by Middle Assyrian and Middle Babylonian times, the case endings were no longer being used correctly for case and number. In Neo-Assyrian times, “no syllabic writing of ''šeʾu'' is attested” (notice also the lack of mimation). The rare instances of Sumerian ŠE in Neo Babylonian should not be considered seriously because they are too late to have influenced [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]], and because the sign ŠE is probably to be read as ''uṭṭatu''. See also ''Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago.'' U & W. (Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010), 349, 356-357; Ibid, 17 “Š” Part 2:354-355; and Wolfram von Soden. ''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch.'' (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965), 1222.</ref> Second, there are some questions concerning the reading of the Sumerian sign ŠE from which Akkadian ''šeʾum'' supposedly derives, that make a direct borrowing from Sumerian unlikely.<ref>Sumerian ŠE lacks the nominative case ending ''u'' and the ''m'' of mimation that are necessary if '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' were to be derived from ŠE. In no case that I am aware of did [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] retain a case ending or mimation when it did borrow an Akkadian word that ultimately was a borrowing of a Sumerian word. The two best known examples of a borrowing of a Sumerian word through Akkadian into [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] are ''hêkal'' and ''kissē''. Additionally, there is some variance in how the sign ŠE is read when it means “barley, grain, etc.” Both ''šeʾu'' and ''uʾu'' are possible. See [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Rykle Borger, Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon. 2nd ed. AOAT 305. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2010.</ins>|''MZ'']] #579 (p. 374), middle of the page.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>But even given these possibilities, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' cannot mean “barley” or “wheat” for the reasons already mentioned above, i.e., barley and wheat are included in the same verse with '''S<small>HEUM</small>'''. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>But even given these possibilities, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' cannot mean “barley” or “wheat” for the reasons already mentioned above, i.e., barley and wheat are included in the same verse with '''S<small>HEUM</small>'''. </div></td></tr>
</table>Samuelfbhttps://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=SHEUM&diff=11311&oldid=prevSamuelfb at 21:08, 16 October 20142014-10-16T21:08:44Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] noun ''sm'', however, seems to offer a possible etymology. It means “herb, herbage, vegetables, plants,” etc.<ref>Raymond O. Faulkner, ''A Concise Dictionary of Middle [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]]'' (Oxford: Griffith Institute, 1962), 225.</ref> In Demotic (a later script and dialect of [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] roughly contemporary with [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]]) this noun appears as both ''sm'' and ''sym'',<ref>Wolja Erichsen, ''Demotisches Glossar'' (Kopehagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1952), 430.</ref> pronounced ''sim'' in Coptic ([[John Gee|JG]]).The [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''s'' appearing as a Semitic ''š'' would present no problems<ref>[[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''š'' is represented as an ''s'' in [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] 28% of the time (James E. Hoch, ''[[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Words in [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period'' [Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994] 433), and [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''s'' is a [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''š'' about 33% of the time (ibid., 436). The sound shifts are thus possible.</ref> ([[John Gee|JG]]). Thus '''S<small>HEUM</small>''', meaning a New World herb or vegetable for which Joseph Smith did not have a word in English, could have been derived from [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''sm''. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] noun ''sm'', however, seems to offer a possible etymology. It means “herb, herbage, vegetables, plants,” etc.<ref>Raymond O. Faulkner, ''A Concise Dictionary of Middle [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]]'' (Oxford: Griffith Institute, 1962), 225.</ref> In Demotic (a later script and dialect of [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] roughly contemporary with [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]]) this noun appears as both ''sm'' and ''sym'',<ref>Wolja Erichsen, ''Demotisches Glossar'' (Kopehagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1952), 430.</ref> pronounced ''sim'' in Coptic ([[John Gee|JG]]).The [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''s'' appearing as a Semitic ''š'' would present no problems<ref>[[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''š'' is represented as an ''s'' in [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] 28% of the time (James E. Hoch, ''[[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Words in [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period'' [Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994] 433), and [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''s'' is a [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''š'' about 33% of the time (ibid., 436). The sound shifts are thus possible.</ref> ([[John Gee|JG]]). Thus '''S<small>HEUM</small>''', meaning a New World herb or vegetable for which Joseph Smith did not have a word in English, could have been derived from [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''sm''. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It might be tempting to equate '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' with [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''sěʾâ'', a grain measure. [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''sěʾâ'' is cognate with Akkadian ''šeʾatum'' "milled-grain," and ''sūtum'', "a measuring vessel,"<ref>Hayim ben Yosef Tawil, ''An Akkadian Lexical Companion for Biblical Hebrew: Etymological-Semantic and Idiomatic Equivalents with Supplement on Biblical Aramaic''. (Jersey City: KTAV, 2009), 255, citing “S.” ''Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago.'' (Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010), 420a; Wolfram von Soden. ''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch.'' (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965), 1064a.</ref> which (like ''šeʼum'') are ultimately derived from Sumerian ŠE.<ref>Akkadian ''sūtu'', cognate with biblical ''sĕʾâ'', meaning “a measuring vessel,” occurs in the same context in a cuneiform text with the word for (barley) grain, ''šeʾum''. See Hayim ben Yosef Tawil, ''An Akkadian Lexical Companion for Biblical Hebrew'' (Jersey City, NJ: [[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Abbreviations</del>|KTAV]] 2009), 255.</ref> However, it is unlikely that [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''sĕʾâ'' (Akkadian ''sūtu'') and Akkadian ''šeʾum'' are related. While ''sūtu'' is middle weak, ''šeʾum'' appears to be final weak. Additionally, ''samakh'' and ''shin'' are not easily mistaken. Therefore, [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''sĕʾâ'' is probably not the origin of '''S<small>HEUM</small>''', especially since ''sĕʾâ'' does not explain the final ''m''.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It might be tempting to equate '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' with [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''sěʾâ'', a grain measure. [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''sěʾâ'' is cognate with Akkadian ''šeʾatum'' "milled-grain," and ''sūtum'', "a measuring vessel,"<ref>Hayim ben Yosef Tawil, ''An Akkadian Lexical Companion for Biblical Hebrew: Etymological-Semantic and Idiomatic Equivalents with Supplement on Biblical Aramaic''. (Jersey City: <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[(Jewish Publisher)|</ins>KTAV<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, 2009), 255, citing “S.” ''Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago.'' (Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010), 420a; Wolfram von Soden. ''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch.'' (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965), 1064a.</ref> which (like ''šeʼum'') are ultimately derived from Sumerian ŠE.<ref>Akkadian ''sūtu'', cognate with biblical ''sĕʾâ'', meaning “a measuring vessel,” occurs in the same context in a cuneiform text with the word for (barley) grain, ''šeʾum''. See Hayim ben Yosef Tawil, ''An Akkadian Lexical Companion for Biblical Hebrew'' (Jersey City, NJ: [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(Jewish Publisher)</ins>|KTAV]] 2009), 255.</ref> However, it is unlikely that [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''sĕʾâ'' (Akkadian ''sūtu'') and Akkadian ''šeʾum'' are related. While ''sūtu'' is middle weak, ''šeʾum'' appears to be final weak. Additionally, ''samakh'' and ''shin'' are not easily mistaken. Therefore, [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''sĕʾâ'' is probably not the origin of '''S<small>HEUM</small>''', especially since ''sĕʾâ'' does not explain the final ''m''.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Other possible starting points in [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] are not particularly fruitful. For example, [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] has not produced any appropriate words built on ''šʾm'', ''šʿm'', ''š̴ām'', ''š̴īm'', or ''š̴ūm'' (for this latter root, “garlic,” see below). The [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] noun ''šōham'' has been defined on the basis of Akkadian ''siāmu'' (“red, brown”), as meaning “red, brown, redness,” a plausible name for a grain or herb. Less fruitful would be Akkadian ''šâmu'', “to buy.” ''šiʾāmu'', “to determine, establish.” </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Other possible starting points in [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] are not particularly fruitful. For example, [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] has not produced any appropriate words built on ''šʾm'', ''šʿm'', ''š̴ām'', ''š̴īm'', or ''š̴ūm'' (for this latter root, “garlic,” see below). The [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] noun ''šōham'' has been defined on the basis of Akkadian ''siāmu'' (“red, brown”), as meaning “red, brown, redness,” a plausible name for a grain or herb. Less fruitful would be Akkadian ''šâmu'', “to buy.” ''šiʾāmu'', “to determine, establish.” </div></td></tr>
</table>Samuelfbhttps://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=SHEUM&diff=10859&oldid=prevSamuelfb at 20:45, 31 July 20142014-07-31T20:45:22Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''S<small>HEUM</small>''' is a Book of Mormon hapax legomenon. It occurs in a list with food items, namely, corn, wheat, barley, [[NEAS|N<small>EAS</small>]] (another Book of Mormon hapax legomenon), and fruit seeds. Therefore, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' is a food item. Though it appears in a list of seeds and grains, the context in [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/9.9?lang=eng#8 Mosiah 9:9] allows the possibility that '''S<small>HEUM</small>''', along with [[NEAS|N<small>EAS</small>]], need not be a grain or a seed.<ref>Corn, wheat, barley, and “all manner of fruits” are all preceded by “of,” indicating a genitive relationship with “seeds.” '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' and [[NEAS|N<small>EAS</small>]] are not preceded by “of” and therefore do not necessarily stand syntactically in a genitival relationship with “seeds.”</ref> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''S<small>HEUM</small>''' is a Book of Mormon hapax legomenon. It occurs in a list with food items, namely, corn, wheat, barley, [[NEAS|N<small>EAS</small>]] (another Book of Mormon hapax legomenon), and fruit seeds. Therefore, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' is a food item. Though it appears in a list of seeds and grains, the context in [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/9.9?lang=eng#8 Mosiah 9:9] allows the possibility that '''S<small>HEUM</small>''', along with [[NEAS|N<small>EAS</small>]], need not be a grain or a seed.<ref>Corn, wheat, barley, and “all manner of fruits” are all preceded by “of,” indicating a genitive relationship with “seeds.” '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' and [[NEAS|N<small>EAS</small>]] are not preceded by “of” and therefore do not necessarily stand syntactically in a genitival relationship with “seeds.”</ref> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The fact that the Prophet Joseph Smith did not translate this name, but rather transliterated it, indicates that he did not know of an English word for this grain or food item. Therefore, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' cannot be equated with any English names of seeds or grains attested by their English name in the Book of Mormon. Additionally, any suggestions for an etymology probably should also be narrowed to a New World food for which the Prophet would not have known the English translation. Thus, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' is probably not to be equated with wheat, barley, rye, oats, garlic,<ref>For a discussion of “garlic,” see below.</ref> onion, sorghum, millet, lentils, pulse, peas, squash, beans, perhaps even emmer wheat,<ref>Emmer wheat is not native to the Americas, although barley is: “…extensive archaeological evidence also points to the cultivation of little barley in the Southwest and parts of Mexico.” Michael T. Dunne and William Green, “Terminal Archaic and Early Woodland plant use at the Gast Spring Site (13LA152), Southeast Iowa,” ''Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology'' (Spring 1998), 8; [[John L. Sorenson]] and [[Robert F. Smith]], “Barley in Ancient America,” ''[[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Abbreviations</del>|FARMS]] Update'', December 1983 and December 1984, reprinted in [[John W. Welch]], ed., ''Reexploring the Book of Mormon: The F.A.R.M.S. Updates'' (Provo: [[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Abbreviations</del>|FARMS]]/SLC: Deseret Book, 1992), 130-132.</ref> etc. Native American grains or food items that Joseph Smith might not have been familiar with could include amaranth ([[John L. Sorenson|JLS]]), jocote (mombin), manioc (cassava) ([[Robert F. Smith|RFS]]), possibly quinoa ([[Paul Y. Hoskisson|PYH]]), chiles ([[John Gee|JG]]), etc.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The fact that the Prophet Joseph Smith did not translate this name, but rather transliterated it, indicates that he did not know of an English word for this grain or food item. Therefore, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' cannot be equated with any English names of seeds or grains attested by their English name in the Book of Mormon. Additionally, any suggestions for an etymology probably should also be narrowed to a New World food for which the Prophet would not have known the English translation. Thus, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' is probably not to be equated with wheat, barley, rye, oats, garlic,<ref>For a discussion of “garlic,” see below.</ref> onion, sorghum, millet, lentils, pulse, peas, squash, beans, perhaps even emmer wheat,<ref>Emmer wheat is not native to the Americas, although barley is: “…extensive archaeological evidence also points to the cultivation of little barley in the Southwest and parts of Mexico.” Michael T. Dunne and William Green, “Terminal Archaic and Early Woodland plant use at the Gast Spring Site (13LA152), Southeast Iowa,” ''Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology'' (Spring 1998), 8; [[John L. Sorenson]] and [[Robert F. Smith]], “Barley in Ancient America,” ''[[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies</ins>|FARMS]] Update'', December 1983 and December 1984, reprinted in [[John W. Welch]], ed., ''Reexploring the Book of Mormon: The <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|</ins>F.A.R.M.S.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </ins>Updates'' (Provo: [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies</ins>|FARMS]]/SLC: Deseret Book, 1992), 130-132.</ref> etc. Native American grains or food items that Joseph Smith might not have been familiar with could include amaranth ([[John L. Sorenson|JLS]]), jocote (mombin), manioc (cassava) ([[Robert F. Smith|RFS]]), possibly quinoa ([[Paul Y. Hoskisson|PYH]]), chiles ([[John Gee|JG]]), etc.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Over the years, several suggestions for an etymology of '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' have been proffered and have gained traction in some circles. The discussion here will treat these earlier suggestions before other possibilities are presented. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Over the years, several suggestions for an etymology of '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' have been proffered and have gained traction in some circles. The discussion here will treat these earlier suggestions before other possibilities are presented. </div></td></tr>
</table>Samuelfbhttps://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=SHEUM&diff=10386&oldid=prevSamuelfb at 17:38, 24 June 20142014-06-24T17:38:35Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:38, 24 June 2014</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On the other hand, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' may be a Semitic or an [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] word used for a New World plant. Therefore, looking for a Near Eastern derivation, even if the meaning of the root does not match the parameters outlined above, is appropriate.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On the other hand, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' may be a Semitic or an [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] word used for a New World plant. Therefore, looking for a Near Eastern derivation, even if the meaning of the root does not match the parameters outlined above, is appropriate.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A tempting suggestion has been made that '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' might be derived from Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'' which has a wide range of attested meanings, including “barley, wheat, grain, cereal, pinenuts,” etc. There are two issues with this suggestion. First, for various reasons, if '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' were to be derived from Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'', it would have to have been brought to the Americas by the [[JAREDITES|J<small>AREDITES</small>]] during or shortly after the Old Akkadian period when ''šeʾum'' still retained the case ending ''u'', and the ''m'' of mimation. It would then have been passed to the Mulekites, and eventually given to the [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITES</small>]].<ref>Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'' contains the nominative case ending ''u'' and the ''m'' of mimation. Neither the case ending nor mimation for a singular noun exist in biblical [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]]. Additionally, post Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'', i.e., Babylonian and Assyrian, lost the consistent use of the case ending and mimation, especially in the Iron Age of [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]]’s day. To be more precise, by Middle Assyrian and Middle Babylonian times, the case endings were no longer being used correctly for case and number. In Neo-Assyrian times, “no syllabic writing of ''šeʾu'' is attested” (notice also the lack of mimation). The rare instances of Sumerian ŠE in Neo Babylonian should not be considered seriously because they are too late to have influenced [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]], and because the sign ŠE is probably to be read as ''uṭṭatu''. See also ''Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago.'' U & W. (Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010), 349, 356-357; Ibid, 17 “Š” Part 2:354-355; and Wolfram von Soden. ''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch.'' (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965), 1222.</ref> Second, there are some questions concerning the reading of the Sumerian sign ŠE from which Akkadian ''šeʾum'' supposedly derives, that make a direct borrowing from Sumerian unlikely.<ref>Sumerian ŠE lacks the nominative case ending ''u'' and the ''m'' of mimation that are necessary if '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' were to be derived from ŠE. In no case that I am aware of did [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] retain a case ending or mimation when it did borrow an Akkadian word that <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">derived from </del>a Sumerian word. The two best known examples <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are </del>[[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''hêkal'' and ''kissē''. Additionally, there is some variance in how the sign ŠE is read when it means “barley, grain, etc.” Both ''šeʾu'' and ''uʾu'' are possible. See [[Abbreviations|''<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">AbZ</del>'']] #<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">367 </del>(p. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">149</del>), <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">see also </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">supplement AOAT 33a (1981) p. 149</del>.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A tempting suggestion has been made that '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' might be derived from Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'' which has a wide range of attested meanings, including “barley, wheat, grain, cereal, pinenuts,” etc. There are two issues with this suggestion. First, for various reasons, if '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' were to be derived from Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'', it would have to have been brought to the Americas by the [[JAREDITES|J<small>AREDITES</small>]] during or shortly after the Old Akkadian period when ''šeʾum'' still retained the case ending ''u'', and the ''m'' of mimation. It would then have been passed to the Mulekites, and eventually given to the [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITES</small>]].<ref>Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'' contains the nominative case ending ''u'' and the ''m'' of mimation. Neither the case ending nor mimation for a singular noun exist in biblical [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]]. Additionally, post Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'', i.e., Babylonian and Assyrian, lost the consistent use of the case ending and mimation, especially in the Iron Age of [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]]’s day. To be more precise, by Middle Assyrian and Middle Babylonian times, the case endings were no longer being used correctly for case and number. In Neo-Assyrian times, “no syllabic writing of ''šeʾu'' is attested” (notice also the lack of mimation). The rare instances of Sumerian ŠE in Neo Babylonian should not be considered seriously because they are too late to have influenced [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]], and because the sign ŠE is probably to be read as ''uṭṭatu''. See also ''Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago.'' U & W. (Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010), 349, 356-357; Ibid, 17 “Š” Part 2:354-355; and Wolfram von Soden. ''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch.'' (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965), 1222.</ref> Second, there are some questions concerning the reading of the Sumerian sign ŠE from which Akkadian ''šeʾum'' supposedly derives, that make a direct borrowing from Sumerian unlikely.<ref>Sumerian ŠE lacks the nominative case ending ''u'' and the ''m'' of mimation that are necessary if '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' were to be derived from ŠE. In no case that I am aware of did [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] retain a case ending or mimation when it did borrow an Akkadian word that <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ultimately was a borrowing of </ins>a Sumerian word. The two best known examples <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of a borrowing of a Sumerian word through Akkadian into </ins>[[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are </ins>''hêkal'' and ''kissē''. Additionally, there is some variance in how the sign ŠE is read when it means “barley, grain, etc.” Both ''šeʾu'' and ''uʾu'' are possible. See [[Abbreviations|''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MZ</ins>'']] #<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">579 </ins>(p. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">374</ins>), <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">middle of </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">page</ins>.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>But even given these possibilities, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' cannot mean “barley” or “wheat” for the reasons already mentioned above, i.e., barley and wheat are included in the same verse with '''S<small>HEUM</small>'''. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>But even given these possibilities, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' cannot mean “barley” or “wheat” for the reasons already mentioned above, i.e., barley and wheat are included in the same verse with '''S<small>HEUM</small>'''. </div></td></tr>
</table>Samuelfbhttps://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=SHEUM&diff=10382&oldid=prevSamuelfb at 16:58, 24 June 20142014-06-24T16:58:38Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 10:58, 24 June 2014</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On the other hand, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' may be a Semitic or an [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] word used for a New World plant. Therefore, looking for a Near Eastern derivation, even if the meaning of the root does not match the parameters outlined above, is appropriate.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On the other hand, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' may be a Semitic or an [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] word used for a New World plant. Therefore, looking for a Near Eastern derivation, even if the meaning of the root does not match the parameters outlined above, is appropriate.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A tempting suggestion has been made that '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' might be derived from Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'' which has a wide range of attested meanings, including “barley, wheat, grain, cereal, pinenuts,” etc. There are two issues with this suggestion. First, for various reasons, if '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' were to be derived from Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'', it would have to have been brought to the Americas by the [[JAREDITES|J<small>AREDITES</small>]] during or shortly after the Old Akkadian period when ''šeʾum'' still retained the case ending ''u'', and the ''m'' of mimation. It would then have been passed to the Mulekites, and eventually given to the [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITES</small>]].<ref>Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'' contains the nominative case ending ''u'' and the ''m'' of mimation. Neither the case ending nor mimation for a singular noun exist in biblical [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]]. Additionally, post Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'', i.e., Babylonian and Assyrian, lost the consistent use of the case ending and mimation, especially in the Iron Age of [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]]’s day. To be more precise, by Middle Assyrian and Middle Babylonian times, the case endings were no longer being used correctly for case and number. In Neo-Assyrian times, “no syllabic writing of ''šeʾu'' is attested” (notice also the lack of mimation). The rare instances of Sumerian ŠE in Neo Babylonian should not be considered seriously because they are too late to have influenced [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]], and because the sign ŠE is probably to be read as ''uṭṭatu''. See also ''Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago.'' U & W. (Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010), 349, 356-357; Ibid, 17 “Š” Part 2:354-355; and Wolfram von Soden. ''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch.'' (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965), 1222.</ref> Second, there are some questions concerning the reading of the Sumerian sign ŠE from which Akkadian ''šeʾum'' supposedly derives, that make a direct borrowing from Sumerian unlikely.<ref>Sumerian ŠE lacks the nominative case ending ''u'' and the ''m'' of mimation that are necessary if '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' were to be derived from ŠE. In no case that I am aware of did [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] retain a case ending or mimation when it did borrow an Akkadian word that derived from a Sumerian word. The two best known examples are [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''hêkal'' and ''kissē''. Additionally, there is some variance in how the sign ŠE is read when it means “barley, grain, etc.” Both ''šeʾu'' and ''uʾu'' are possible. See [[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Rykle Borger</del>|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Rykle Borger]], </del>''<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon</del>''<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, 2nd ed</del>., <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Alter Orient und Altes Testament 305 </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2010</del>)<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, 374, middle of the page</del>.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A tempting suggestion has been made that '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' might be derived from Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'' which has a wide range of attested meanings, including “barley, wheat, grain, cereal, pinenuts,” etc. There are two issues with this suggestion. First, for various reasons, if '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' were to be derived from Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'', it would have to have been brought to the Americas by the [[JAREDITES|J<small>AREDITES</small>]] during or shortly after the Old Akkadian period when ''šeʾum'' still retained the case ending ''u'', and the ''m'' of mimation. It would then have been passed to the Mulekites, and eventually given to the [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITES</small>]].<ref>Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'' contains the nominative case ending ''u'' and the ''m'' of mimation. Neither the case ending nor mimation for a singular noun exist in biblical [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]]. Additionally, post Old Akkadian ''šeʾum'', i.e., Babylonian and Assyrian, lost the consistent use of the case ending and mimation, especially in the Iron Age of [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]]’s day. To be more precise, by Middle Assyrian and Middle Babylonian times, the case endings were no longer being used correctly for case and number. In Neo-Assyrian times, “no syllabic writing of ''šeʾu'' is attested” (notice also the lack of mimation). The rare instances of Sumerian ŠE in Neo Babylonian should not be considered seriously because they are too late to have influenced [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]], and because the sign ŠE is probably to be read as ''uṭṭatu''. See also ''Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago.'' U & W. (Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010), 349, 356-357; Ibid, 17 “Š” Part 2:354-355; and Wolfram von Soden. ''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch.'' (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965), 1222.</ref> Second, there are some questions concerning the reading of the Sumerian sign ŠE from which Akkadian ''šeʾum'' supposedly derives, that make a direct borrowing from Sumerian unlikely.<ref>Sumerian ŠE lacks the nominative case ending ''u'' and the ''m'' of mimation that are necessary if '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' were to be derived from ŠE. In no case that I am aware of did [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] retain a case ending or mimation when it did borrow an Akkadian word that derived from a Sumerian word. The two best known examples are [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''hêkal'' and ''kissē''. Additionally, there is some variance in how the sign ŠE is read when it means “barley, grain, etc.” Both ''šeʾu'' and ''uʾu'' are possible. See [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Abbreviations</ins>|''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">AbZ</ins>''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] #367 (p</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">149)</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">see also the supplement AOAT 33a </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1981</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">p. 149</ins>.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>But even given these possibilities, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' cannot mean “barley” or “wheat” for the reasons already mentioned above, i.e., barley and wheat are included in the same verse with '''S<small>HEUM</small>'''. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>But even given these possibilities, '''S<small>HEUM</small>''' cannot mean “barley” or “wheat” for the reasons already mentioned above, i.e., barley and wheat are included in the same verse with '''S<small>HEUM</small>'''. </div></td></tr>
</table>Samuelfb