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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |'''[[:Category:Lehite PN|Lehite PN]]'''
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| |1.
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| |Royal descendant of [[MULEK|M<small>ULEK</small>]], and ancestor of [[AMMON|A<small>MMON</small>]] and [[CORIANTUMR|C<small>ORIANTUMR</small>]] ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/omni/1.14,%2018?lang=eng#13 Omni 1:14, 18]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/7.3,%2013?lang=eng#2 Mosiah 7:3, 13]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/25.2?lang=eng#1 25:2]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/1.15?lang=eng#14 Helaman 1:15])
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| |2.
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| |People of ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/omni/1.14?lang=eng#13 Omni 1:14]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/1.18?lang=eng#17 Mosiah 1:18]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/7.13-14?lang=eng#12 7:13-14])
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| |'''[[:Category:Lehite GN|Lehite GN]]'''
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| |3.
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| |Land of [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/omni/1.12-13,%2024,%2028?lang=eng#11 Omni 1:12-13, 24, 28]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/1.1,%2018?lang=eng#primary Mosiah 1:1, 18]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/2.4?lang=eng#3 2:4]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/7.9,%2013-14?lang=eng#8 7:9, 13-14]; [Mormon 1:6, 10 Mormon 1:6, 10])
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| '''Etymology'''
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| Possibly hypothetical Hebrew ''*zeraʿ-ḥemlâ'' “Seed of Compassion” (JH, JAT), or “Merciful scattering,” employing ''ḥemlâ'' “mercy, compassion, pity, commiseration” ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/19.16?lang=eng#15 Genesis 19:16]), and the same Semitic root is a loanword (''ḥml'') in 20th Dynasty [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPT</small>]] as ''ḥa-ma-nra'' “Be merciful, Have compassion!”<ref> James Hoch, ''Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period'', 226-227.</ref> PYH argues that ''ḥemlâ'' looks like a feminine participle from the verb “to pity.” If so, the preceding element in the name would probably not be a verb, thus perhaps leaving us with the meaning “Merciful-scion.” This proposed name may have the meaning, and be structured somewhat like Hebrew ''zeraʿ hammělûkâ'' “royal descendant” ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/jer/41.1?lang=eng#primary Jeremiah 41:1]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/2-kgs/25.25?lang=eng#24 2 Kings 25:25]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/ezek/17.13?lang=eng#12 Ezekiel 17:13]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/dan/1.3?lang=eng#2 Daniel 1:3]), ''zeraʿ hammamlākâ'' “royal descendant” ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/2-kgs/11.1?lang=eng#primary 2 Kings 11:1]),<ref> Tawil, ''Akkadian Lexical Companion'', 95-96.</ref> and like Hebrew ''zeraʿ ʼĕlōhîm'' “progeny of God, godly offspring” ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/mal/2.15?lang=eng#14 Malachi 2:15]),<ref> A. Hill, ''Malachi'', Anchor Bible 25D (Yale Univ. Press/ Doubleday, 1998), 201.</ref> and the Neo-Babylonian PN Zer-babili,<ref> So B. Beyer in Freedman, ed., ''Anchor Bible Dictionary'', VI:1085.</ref> the PN of the late biblical prince and governor Zerubbabel “Scion/Offspring of Babylon, Seed-of-Babylon, Born-in-Babylon” ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/1-chr/3.19?lang=eng#18 1 Chronicles 3:19]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/ezra/3.2?lang=eng#1 Ezra 3:2] = Sheshbazzar, [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/ezra/1.8?lang=eng#7 Ezra 1:8]; NT Zorobabel [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/nt/matt/1.12-13?lang=eng#11 Matthew 1:12-13]).<ref> J. Tvedtnes, “Hebrew Names in the Book of Mormon,” 3, citing especially Stephen Ricks & John Tvedtnes, “The Hebrew Origin of Some Book of Mormon Place-Names,” ''Journal of Book of Mormon Studies'' 6/2 (Fall 1997):259.</ref> Note also that each is a royal descendant of the House of [[DAVID|D<small>AVID</small>]]. Word-play based on this etymology has been found by Pedro Olavarria and David Bokovoy at [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/9.2?lang=eng#1 Mosiah 9:2], and [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/8.24?lang=eng#23 3 Nephi 8:24] (based on use of ''ḥml'' “spared” at [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/1-sam/15.9?lang=eng#8 1 Samuel 15:9]),<ref> In Insights 30/5 (2010), online at [http://mi.byu.edu/publications/insights/?vol=30&num=58&id=917] , and at MDDB online at [http://www.mormondialogue.org/topic/52705-zarahemla-revisiting-the-seed-of-compassion/]. Cf. [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/8.21?lang=eng#20 Helaman 8:21] “seed of Zedekiah” = people of Z<small>ARAHEMLA</small>.</ref> but the alternative meaning as “royal descendant” may play on “a descendant of [[MULEK|M<small>ULEK</small>]]” ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/25.2?lang=eng#1 Mosiah 25:2]).
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| Cf. also Semitic ''zrh'', ''zrʿ'' “to sow” in Demotic ''drʿ'', ''dlЗ'' “spread, scatter” (> Coptic ''dōōre'', ''dar'', ''dar='', ''dare='', ''dēr'', ''čer=''),<ref> Westendorf, ''KHw'', 431-432 (an earlier parallel cited there is denied by Hoch, ''Semitic Words'', 392-393).</ref> as the possible prefix of the name.
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| Alternatively, JH compared KJV PNs Zarah ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/38.30?lang=eng#29 Genesis 38:30], [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/46.12?lang=eng#11 46:12]), Zerah ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/36.13,%2017,%2033?lang=eng#12 Genesis 36:13, 17, 33]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/1-chr/1.37?lang=eng#36 1 Chronicles 1:37], [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/neh/11.24?lang=eng#23 Nehemiah 11:24]), Zara ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/nt/matt/1.3?lang=eng#2 Matthew 1:3]), all based on Hebrew ''Zaraḥ'', ''Zeraḥ'' “Shine forth, Light up; Dawn; Risen-Like-the-Morning-Sun” (hypocoristic PN for KJV Zerahiah Zeraḥ-Yah “YHWH has Risen Like the Morning Sun”<ref> So E. Knauf in Freedman, ed., ''Anchor Bible Dictionary'', VI:1080; Reynolds, ''Dictionary of the Book of Mormon'', 315; cf. R. Shearer, “Zerahiah,” in Freedman, ed., ''ABD'', VI:1081, who notes additional interpretations: “YHWH will arise/shine; YHWH has dawned”; A. Hill, ''Malachi'', AB 25D (Yale/Doubleday, 1998), 349; cf. the solar symbolism in [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/ps/19.4-6?lang=eng#3 Psalms 19:4-6]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/ps/84.11?lang=eng#10 84:11]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/mal/4.2?lang=eng#1 Malachi 4:2] (3:20 MT), [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/nt/luke/1.78-79?lang=eng#77 Luke 1:78-79]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/nt/rev/1.16?lang=eng#15 Revelation 1:16].</ref> ) = Greek ''zara'', ''zēra''. Wevers observes that Hebrew ''Zrḥy'' = LXX Zaraei, and that Hebrew ''Zryh'' = LXX Zaraia.<ref> Wevers in Wevers & Redford, eds., ''Essays on the Ancient Semitic World'', 107, where he compares the Old South Arabic PN ''Ðrḥ'' (voiceless interdental spirant).</ref> Cf. the Assyrian practice of naming a land for its capital city.
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| Less likely is hypothetical Hebrew ''*zĕrōʿ-ḥemla'' “Arm of mercy,” an English phrase used thrice in the Book of Mormon, including once by Jesus at [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/9.14?lang=eng#13 3 Nephi 9:14], which could be a play on words (pun) on the name of '''ZARAHEMLA''' (using a folk etymology), whose destruction he had just mentioned (JAT). Cf. for example, the reading of ''zeraʿ'' in MT, which is not supported by LXX Greek ''omos'' “shoulder” and Vulgate ''brachium'' “forearm,” which means that the correct reading should be ''zĕrōʿa'' “arm.”<ref> A. Hill, ''Malachi'', AB 25D (Yale/Doubleday, 1998), 9, 200-201.</ref>
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| Less likely is hypothetical Hebrew ''*Zārâ-ḥemlâ'' “Scattering of mercy,” employing piel Hebrew ''zrh'' “to scatter, spread,” i.e., the scattering of [[JUDAH|J<small>UDAH</small>]] among the nations (RFS).<ref> A. Hill, ''Malachi'', AB 25D (Yale/Doubleday, 1998), 201.</ref>
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| Margaret Barker combines several of these meanings into complex wordplay designed to communicate the deeper meaning of the Servant Songs of Isaiah: “To whom has the '''arm''' [''zĕrōʿa''] of the LORD been revealed?” can also mean “To whom has the '''seed'''/'''son''' [''zeraʿ''] of the LORD been revealed?” ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/isa/53.1?lang=eng#primary Isaiah 53:1] ǁ[http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/14.1?lang=eng#primary Mosiah 14:1]; cf. [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/15.31?lang=eng#30 Mosiah 15:31] “The Lord hath made bare his holy '''arm'''”) without changing the Hebrew consonantal text – especially since the next line reads “he grew up before him as a suckling child” ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/isa/53.2?lang=eng#1 Isaiah 53:2] [RSV “young plant”; LXX “little child”] ǁ[http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/14.2?lang=eng#1 Mosiah 14:2]) – and this coheres with [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/isa/53.10?lang=eng#9 Isaiah 53:10] ǁ[http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/14.10?lang=eng#9 Mosiah 14:10] “he shall see his '''seed'''/'''offspring''',” which can also be read “he shall be revealed as the '''son'''.”<ref> Barker, ''Temple Mysticism'', 157, 162.</ref> This is merely part of the much broader liturgical and esoteric content of First Temple [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]] religion which Barker believes was jettisoned by Deuteronomistic revisionism – a revisionism which did not infect the Book of Mormon.
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| See [[ZERAHEMNAH|Z<small>ERAHEMNAH</small>]], [[ZERAM|Z<small>ERAM</small>]], [[ZERIN|Z<small>ERIN</small>]].
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| See also [[Zarahemla / Zarrahemla Variants]]
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| '''Variants'''
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| [[Zarahemla / Zarrahemla Variants|Zerahemla]], [[Zarahemla / Zarrahemla Variants|Zarrahemla]]
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| '''Deseret Alphabet:'''
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| '''Notes'''
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| ----
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| <references/>
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| '''Bibliography'''
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| ----
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| Barker, Margaret. ''Temple Mysticism: An Introduction''. SPCK, 2011.
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| Beyer, Bryan E. “Zerubbabel,” in Freedman, ed., ''Anchor Bible Dictionary'', VI:1085.
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| Hoch, James E. ''Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate
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| Period''. Princeton Univ. Press, 1994.
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| Knauf, Ernst A. “Zerah,” in Freedman, ed., ''Anchor Bible Dictionary'', VI:1080-1081.
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| Reynolds, George, ''Dictionary of the Book of Mormon''. SLC: J. H. Parry, 1891.
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| Ricks, Stephen D., and John A. Tvedtnes. “The Hebrew Origin of Some Book of Mormon Place-
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| Names,” ''Journal of Book of Mormon Studies'' 6/2 (Fall 1997):255-259.
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| Shearer, Rodney H. “Zerahiah,” in Freedman, ed., ''ABD'', VI:1081.
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| Tawil, Hayim ben Yosef. ''An Akkadian Lexical Companion for Biblical Hebrew: Etymological-
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| Semantic and Idiomatic Equivalents with Supplement on Biblical Aramaic''. Jersey City:
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| KTAV, 2009.
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| Tvedtnes, John A. “Hebrew Names in the Book of Mormon,” paper delivered at the
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| 13th World Congress of Jewish Studies in Jerusalem, August 12-17, 2001, which is available online at [www.fairlds.org/pubs/HebrewNames.pdf] (7pp).
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| Westendorf, Wolfhart. ''Koptisches Handwӧrterbuch'', 2nd ed. Heidelberg: Carl Winters
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| Universitätsverlag, 2008.
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| Wevers, J. W. “Ḥeth in Classical Hebrew,” in Wevers & Redford, eds., ''EASW'', 101-112.
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| -------------------------------------
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| Hebrew
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| ''zeraʿ ’ănāšîm'' “male descendant” ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/1-sam/1.11?lang=eng#10 1 Samuel 1:11])<ref> See these comparisons at Tawil, ''Akkadian Lexical Companion'', 95-96, 459.</ref>
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| ''zeraʿ hammělûkâ'' “royal descendant” ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/jer/41.1?lang=eng#primary Jeremiah 41:1])
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| ''zeraʿ hammamlākâ'' “royal descendant” ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/2-kgs/11.1?lang=eng#primary 2 Kings 11:1])
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| ''zeraʿ měraʿîm'' “seed of evildoers” ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/isa/1.4?lang=eng#3 Isaiah 1:4]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/isa/14.20?lang=eng#19 14:20])
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| ''zěrūbbābel'' “Seed-of-Babylon, Offspring-of-Babylon” ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/hag/1.1,12?lang=eng#primary Haggai 1:1,12]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/search?lang=eng&type=verse&query=Haggai+3%3A1 3:1]) PN
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| Akkadian
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| ''zēr-bābili'' “Seed, Offspring of Babylon” PN
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| ''zēr šarrūti'' “royal descendant” ǁHebrew ''zeraʿ hammělûkâ'' “royal descendant” ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/jer/41.1?lang=eng#primary Jeremiah 41:1])
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| ''zēr nērti'' “seed of a murderer”
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| ''zēr amēlūti'' “mankind”
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| ''zēr bānītu'' “creatress of seed/offspring”
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| Cf. Akkadian ''Arad-d''NIN (pronounced ''Arda-milissu'') ǁHebrew ''’Adrammelek'' ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/isa/37.38?lang=eng#37 Isaiah 37:38])<ref> Tawil, ''Akkadian Lexical Companion'', 457, with metathesis, citing Parpola.</ref>
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| Akkadian ''Yauḫazi'' “Jehoahaz” ǁHebrew ''’Āḥāz'' ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/isa/7.1?lang=eng#primary Isaiah 7:1]) hypocoristicon<ref> Tawil, ''Akkadian Lexical Companion'', 457, citing Cogan & Tadmor.</ref>
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| Akkadian ''Aššur-bâni-apli'' “Ashurbanipal” ǁHebrew ''’Āsnappar'' ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/ezra/4.10?lang=eng#9 Ezra 4:10])<ref> Tawil, ''Akkadian Lexical Companion'', 457, noting the loss of medial -''rb''- and shift of final -''l''- to -''r''-.</ref>
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| Akkadian ''Aššur-aḫ-iddin''(''a'') “Esarhaddon” ǁHebrew ''’Ēsar-ḥaddōn'' ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/isa/37.38?lang=eng#37 Isaiah 37:38])<ref> Tawil, ''Akkadian Lexical Companion'', 457.</ref>
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| Akkadian ''Tuba’il'' (Tiglath-pileser III inscript) ǁHebrew ''’Etbaʿal'' “Ethbaʿal”<ref> Tawil, ''Akkadian Lexical Companion'', 458.</ref>
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| Akkadian ''Balaṭ-šarri-uṣur''/''Balassu-uṣur'' ǁHebrew ''Bēlṭěš’aṣṣar'' “Belteshazzar” ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/dan/1.7?lang=eng#6 Daniel 1:7]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/dan/10.1?lang=eng#primary 10:1])
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| Akkadian ''Ausi’i'' “Hosea” ǁHebrew ''Hôšēʿa'' ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/2-kgs/15.30?lang=eng#29 2 Kings 15:30])<ref> Tawil, ''Akkadian Lexical Companion'', 459.</ref>
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| Akkadian ''Ḫirumm''(''y'')''u'' “Hiram” ǁPhoen. ''’Aḥirâm'' ǁHebrew ''Ḥîrôm'', ''Ḥîrām'' ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/1-kgs/5.24?lang=eng#23 1 Kings 5:24]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/2-sam/5.11?lang=eng#10 2 Samuel 5:11])
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| Akkadian ''Samerīnāya'' “Samaria” ǁHebrew ''Šōmrôn'' “Samaria” ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/isa/7.9?lang=eng#8 Isaiah 7:9])<ref> Tawil, ''Akkadian Lexical Companion'', 460.</ref>
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| Akkadian ''Menasi'', ''Minsi'' “Manasseh” ǁHebrew ''Měnašše'' “Manasseh” ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/2-kgs/20.21?lang=eng#20 2 Kings 20:21])
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| Akkadian ''Ibnaḫaza'' “Nibḫaz” ǁHebrew ''Nibḥaz'' ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/2-kgs/17.31?lang=eng#30 2 Kings 17:31])<ref> Tawil, ''Akkadian Lexical Companion'', 461.</ref>
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| Akkadian ''Sakkud'', dSAG.KUD ǁHebrew ''Sikkût'' “Sikkuth” ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/amos/5.26?lang=eng#25 Amos 5:26])<ref> Tawil, ''Akkadian Lexical Companion'', 462; cf. Akkadian ''Sakkut-Bānītu'' = Hebrew ''Sūkkôt Běnôt'' ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/2-kgs/17.30?lang=eng#29 2 Kings 17:30]).</ref>
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| Akkadian ''Sîn-uballiṭ'' “Sanballat” ǁHebrew ''Sanbalaṭ'' ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/neh/2.10,19?lang=eng#9 Nehemiah 2:10,19])
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| Akkadian ''Sîn-aḫḫē-erība'' “Sennacherib” ǁHebrew ''Sanḥērîb'' ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/2-kgs/18.13?lang=eng#12 2 Kings 18:13]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/isa/36.1?lang=eng#primary Isaiah 36:1])
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| Akkadian ''Ḫumri'' “Omri” ǁHebrew ''ʿOmrî'' ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/1-kgs/16.16?lang=eng#15 1 Kings 16:16])<ref> Tawil, ''Akkadian Lexical Companion'', 463.</ref>
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| Akkadian ''Raḫi’anu'' / ''Raqi’anu'' “Rezin” ǁHebrew ''Rěṣîn'' ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/2-kgs/15.37?lang=eng#36 2 Kings 15:37])
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| Akkadian ''Šulmānu-ašaridu'' “Shalmaneser” ǁHebrew ''Šalman’eser'' ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/2-kgs/17.3?lang=eng#2 2 Kings 17:3])<ref> Tawil, ''Akkadian Lexical Companion'', 464.</ref>
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| Akkadian ''Tukulti-apil-Ešarra'' “TIglath-pileser III” ǁHebrew ''Tiglat pil’eser'' ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/1-chr/5.6?lang=eng#5 1 Chronicles 5:6])
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| Akkadian ''Dumuzû'', d''Dumu-zi'' “Tammuz” ǁHebrew ''Tammûz'' ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/ezek/8.14?lang=eng#13 Ezekiel 8:14])
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| RFS
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| [[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite PN]][[Category:Lehiite GN]]
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