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| '''Etymology''' | | '''Etymology''' |
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| This [[Geographical Name|GN]] is a combination of a translated noun followed by a genitive transliterated [[Personal Name|PN]] in the plural. For the singular [[Personal Name|PN]] [[NEHOR|N<small>EHOR</small>]], see the same.<ref>For examples of [[NEHOR|N<small>EHOR</small>]] as the nomen rectum of a genitive construct chain see [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/14.16,%2018?lang=eng#15 Alma 14:16 & 18]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/15.15?lang=eng#14 15:15]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/16.11?lang=eng#10 16:11]; and [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/24.29?lang=eng#28 24:29].</ref>
| | The [[Geographical Name|GN]] is a combination of a translated noun ([[DESOLATION|D<small>ESOLATION</small>]]) followed in construct by the [[Personal Name|PN]] in the plural. For the [[Geographical Name|GN]] [[DESOLATION|D<small>ESOLATION</small>]], see under [[DESOLATION|D<small>ESOLATION</small>]]; for the singular [[Personal Name|PN]] [[NEHOR|N<small>EHOR</small>]], see [[NEHOR|N<small>EHOR</small>]].<ref>For examples of [[NEHOR|N<small>EHOR</small>]] as the nomen rectum of a genitive construct chain see [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/14.16,%2018?lang=eng#15 Alma 14:16 & 18]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/15.15?lang=eng#14 15:15]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/16.11?lang=eng#10 16:11]; and [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/24.29?lang=eng#28 24:29].</ref> |
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| [[DESOLATION|D<small>ESOLATION</small>]] is the translation into English of the nomen regens of a genitive construct chain. There are four Semitic lexemes that could provide the ''Vorlage'' for [[DESOLATION|D<small>ESOLATION</small>]], ''ḥrm'', ''ḫrb'', ''ḥrb'', and ''šmm''.
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| The first possible lexeme, ''ḥrm'', is particularly appropriate as the ''Vorlage'' on the plates because the ''hiphil'' form can mean “to dedicate to destruction,”<ref>[[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']] s.v., ''ḥrm''.</ref> an appropriate nuance given that the '''D<small>ESOLATION OF </small>N<small>EHORS</small>''' (formerly known as [[AMMONIHAH|A<small>MMONIHAH</small>]]) had been marked for destruction if the inhabitants would not repent ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/8.16?lang=eng#15 Alma 8:16]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/9.4?lang=eng#3 9:4]). , As [[Hugh W. Nibley|Hugh Nibley]] pointed out years ago,<ref>[[Hugh W. Nibley|H. Nibley]], ''Since Cumorah'', 194 = [[The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley. 19 vols. SLC: FARMS/Deseret, 1986-2010.|''CWHN'']] VII:171, citing L. Woolley & T. E. Lawrence, ''The Wilderness of Zin'' (London: Cape, 1936), 107.</ref> a [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] [[Geographical Name|GN]] name built on this lexeme is ''ḥormâ'', “Hormah,” the name given to three towns or cities in the Old Testament, each of which were attacked, damaged, or destroyed. For example see [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/judg/1.17?lang=eng#16 Judges 1:17], “and they slew the Canaanites that inhabited Zephath, and utterly destroyed it. The name of the city was called Hormah.” See also [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/num/21.3?lang=eng#2 Numbers 21:3] and [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/deut/1.44?lang=eng#43 Deut. 1:44] for the other two examples.
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| The second lexeme, ''ḫrb'', means “to dry up, be in ruins,”<ref>Cf. [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']] and [[F. Brown, S. Driver, and C. Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1907 /1968.|''BDB'']] (F. Brown, S. Driver, and C. Briggs, eds. ''A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament.'' Oxford: Clarendon, 1968.) s.v. ''ḫorbah''.</ref> and yields the noun ''ḫōreb'', “devastation, waste;” and ''ḫorbâ'' (Arabic, ''ḫirbat''), “site of ruins.”
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| The third possibility is a denominative verb from ''ḥereb'', “sword,” which in the ''qal'' means to “massacre,”<ref>[[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']], s.v. ''ḥrb''.</ref> also an appropriate name for a city that had been marked for destruction.
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| The fourth possible [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] lexeme, ''šmm'', means “be deserted, be appalled” and in the ''hiphil'', “cause to be desolate.” Various noun forms based on this lexeme could be the basis for Book of Mormon [[DESOLATION|D<small>ESOLATION</small>]]: ''šĕmāmâ'' means “desolation, ruin;” ''mĕšamôt'' in the plural means “waste, desolation” ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/isa/15.6?lang=eng#5 Isaiah 15:6]); and ''šammâ'' means “devastation, horror;” and ''mĕšômēm'' is used for “desolator” ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/dan/11.31?lang=eng#30 Daniel 11:31], ''šiqqȗṣ mĕšômēm'', “abomination that maketh desolate”).
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| See Book of Mormon [[NEHOR|N<small>EHOR</small>]] and cf. Book of Mormon [[DESOLATION|D<small>ESOLATION</small>]].
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| '''Variants''' | | '''Variants''' |
