LIMNAH: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 13:20, 22 September 2023

Lehite noun	1.	Largest NEPHITE gold-measure, equivalent in value to one silver ONTI(ES) (Alma 11:5,10).

Etymology

Since the Book of Mormon was apparently written in EGYPTIAN script, and since the phonemes l, n, and r frequently interchange among EGYPTIAN & HEBREW cognates and loanwords,^[1] we may possibly have here a variant pronunciation of HEBREW נמנה nimnā “be counted, numbered, reckoned, assigned” (Isaiah 53:12; Mosiah 14:12),^[2] a niphal verbal form of KJV maneh (Ezekiel 45:12, capitalized as “Maneh” in 1611 KJV), the HEBREW weight-measure מנה māne (translated “pounds” at 1 Kings 10:17, Ezra 2:69, Nehemiah 7:70–72) = Ugaritic mn, mana, Arabic mny, mnw, Old South Arabic mnw, and Akkadian manû, transliterated in ancient EGYPTIAN as man-nu2 “mina weight.”^[3] Some Akkadian verbal forms of manû are very similar to LIMNAH^[4] – from the same root as the general ancient Near Eastern mina-weight (manum/ MA.NA, ca. 500 gm in ancient Mesopotamian usage), which ranged from 40 to 60 times the weight of a sheqel (שקל varying from 11.4 gm among the Classical ISRAELITES,^[5] to the 8.4 gm EGYPTIAN qdt or Canaanite sheqel^[6]). The mina-weight also appears twice in Aramaic as מנא mene- in Daniel 5:25-28, where it is placed poetically with the weights sheqel and peres, and is part of the prophetic punning and rhyme scheme there.^[7]

Reynolds & Sjodahl suggested that prepositional HEBREW l- (lamed) had been prefixed to nominal māne, thus meaning something like “for a maneh,”^[8] or “according to a maneh,”^[9] or “concerning a maneh”^[10] That has also been done in many instances in the Bible, e.g., laMenî “for Meni (god of fate),” and laGad “for Gad (god of good fortune),” both in Isaiah 65:11, and identified as such in the footnotes of the LDS Bible.^[11] One might also define the lamed in this case as a “lamed of specification or reference.”^[12] As Paul Hosskison has suggested, something like this is surely intended by the HEBREW למלך lmlk-seals (two- and four-winged) found on the large storage jars placed in strategic Judaean fortresses by King Hezekiah in defensive preparation for a likely ASSYRIAN invasion. Lemelek means “royal; belonging to the king.”^[13] Nearly all of these HEBREW prepositional forms and meanings have a close analog in cognate EGYPTIAN prepositions, r- and n-.^[14]

The weight/value of the sheqel, qdt, and LEAH (here as 1/56th mina = LIMNAH) are well matched^[15] – despite the way in which a normative EGYPTIAN might have dealt with this issue, since we are not dealing with EGYPTIANS, but with a derivative system in ISRAEL and JUDAH,^[16] and then later among the NEPHITES under King MOSIAH II. Pricing and relative value is all-important here, i.e., metals or their equivalents being weighed out in payment for grain, or vice-versa. The ratio and proportion is the thing, the ISRAELITES being free to adapt earlier systems to their own needs without hindrance from any formal EGYPTIAN practice.

As a practical matter, this meant that, in the eighth & seventh centuries B.C. (probably earlier), the ISRAELITES redefined the EGYPTIAN Hieratic decimal numerals 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40, as 4, 8, 16, 24, and 32, on their sheqel weights, i.e., they used the EGYPTIAN Hieratic numerals but reinterpreted them – while retaining the same proportions. Below the 8-sheqel weight were the fractional weights, 1, 2, and 4 (also in Hieratic), obtained by halving, and above the 8-sheqel level each weight was enlarged by 8. As Bill Dever notes, the ISRAELITE “basic module” here was the 8-sheqel weight = 1 EGYPTIAN diban (= 10 qdt/kite).^[17] The proportional sequence for each system may be correlated and displayed as follows:^[18]

Egyptian		1	2	5	10		20	30	40	50	60	70
Israelite		1	2	4	8		16	24	32	40	48	56
Nephite	⅛	¼	½	1	1½	2		4			7

In other words, the NEPHITE system was virtually the ISRAELITE-EGYPTIAN system, with only a few changes – mostly in nomenclature.^[19] The Bible never gives a hint of the use of EGYPTIAN Hieratic on ISRAELITE weights, and, even as recently as forty years ago, most scholars were unaware that professional, EGYPTIAN-speaking ISRAELITE scribes wrote the Hieratic found at Tel Arad VII, at Kadesh-Barnea,^[20] and in the Samaria Ostraca.^[21]

See ANTION, SENINE, SEON, SHUM.

Variants

Deseret Alphabet: 𐐢𐐆𐐣𐐤𐐂 (lɪmnɑː)

Notes

↑ EGYPTIAN n(i) “of,” n “to, for” > Dem. n > Coptic n = HEBREW l-, ʾel (Arab. l-); EGYPTIAN iyr, “stag; doe”> Dem. 1ywr = HEBREW ʾayîl; EGYPTIAN (s)#r, i#r, #ry “(cause) to ascend, mount up”; #rtyw “they who ascend” = HEBREW (he)ʿelā, ʿôlîm (Arab. ʿalāʾ, Assyr. elû); EGYPTIAN #gn “calf” > Copt. aol (Gk. αγολ) = HEBREW ʿēgel; EGYPTIAN #grt “wagon, cart” > Dem. #klt > Copt. aolte, akolte = HEBREW ʿagālā (Arab. ʿajala); EGYPTIAN fnḫ “split”; png “detach” > Dem. plk, pnq > Copt. pols, ple , pre = HEBREW pillēg (Arab. falaja); EGYPTIAN pr “bean; fava bean” > Copt. phel = HEBREW pôl (Arab. f©l); EGYPTIAN mrḥw, mrḥm “salt” > Copt. moulh, malh, mlah, merh = HEBREW melaḥ; EGYPTIAN mktr “tower” > Copt. metol, miktwl = HEBREW migdol (Gk. µς(∗Τ8≅<, Arab. mjdūl); EGYPTIAN ns “tongue; language” > Dem. ls > Copt. las, les = HEBREW lašôn (Arab. lisān, Akkad. liš∼nu); EGYPTIAN nšm(t) “green felspar” = HEBREW lešem “precious stone”; EGYPTIAN rhbw “heat of fire” > Dem. lhb > Copt. lhwb = HEBREW lāhab (Arab. lahab); EGYPTIAN ḥsmn “bronze” = HEBREWḥašmal, ḥašman; EGYPTIAN ḫnmt “reddish jasper” = HEBREW ʾaḥlāmā; EGYPTIAN snm “locust” = HEBREW sālʿām; EGYPTIAN q1rt, qrit “bolt, padlock” > Dem. ql1t > Copt. kele = HEBREW kēlēʿ; EGYPTIAN qrr “burnt-offering”> Dem. gll = HEBREW kālîl; EGYPTIAN qrt “vessel” > Copt. alaht, kalaht = HEBREW qallaḥat “cauldron”; EGYPTIAN knm “wrap up, a garment” > Dem. glmlm = HEBREW gālam; EGYPTIAN grt, grgy(t) “kidney” > Copt. alwt, looe, loote = HEBREW kelîyôt “kidneys” (Ug. klyt); EGYPTIAN d1rt “bitter gourd” = HEBREW ṣeʿēl; EGYPTIAN d1rt “a fruit” = HEBREW ṣeʿelîm “bough” (Job 40:21 – Humbert, ZAW, 62 [1950], 206); EGYPTIAN bnti > blti > Coptic bilti “thigh.”
↑ Ludwig Köhler-Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament, II:599; BDB, 584; cf. Genesis 13:16 limnôt . . . yîmmāne; 1 Kings 3:8 yîmmāne 2yîssāper; 8:5 yîmmānû; Ecclesiastes 1:15 lehimmānôt; in nominal form as GN Timnā “Portion, Territory” (Genesis 38:12-14, Joshua 15:10,57, 19:43, Judges 14:1,2,5, 2 Chronicles 28:18) = LXX 1∀µ<∀. Indeed, since both EGYPTIAN and HEBREW n- are also nominal prefixes (Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar, 3rd ed., § 276; HALOT, II:656), it is also possible that this was assumed to be its proper form and meaning by the time of King MOSIAH II.
↑ Hoch, Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts, #162 (p. 127): Dyn. 19/20; cites Albright, The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography, IX.C.2 (citing Burchardt 452).
↑ Cf. the verbal precative forms in Akkadian, limnu, limnanni, limannu, “may he count”; W. von Soden, AHw, 604, cited in FARMS Staff, “Weights and Measures in the Time of Mosiah II,” Preliminary Report STF-83; CAD, “L” 10:219-221.
↑ Note the 400-sheqel (=8 mina) weight of 4,565 gm found at Tell Beit Mirsim by Albright (8th century B.C., Iron II, stratum A – cited in "The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim, III: The Iron Age." AASOR, 21-22:76-78, plate 57 dil), which is very close to the 4,780 gm basalt weight found near Taanach, which N. Avigad and R. B. Y. Scott likewise interpret in light of Genesis 23:16 as a standard 400-sheqel weight (E. Stern, “Weights and Measures,” Encyclopaedia Judaica, 16:382-383,387-388, citing Scott, BASOR, 32:35).
↑ Gurney, The Hittites, 68; this would be in line with the 22 sheqel pair of pure gold earrings from Ramesses II to the Queen of Ḫatti = 8 ⅓ gm Canaanite sheqel (or EGYPTIAN qdt) weight – Christine Lilyquist, “The Objects Mentioned in the Texts,” in Royal Gifts in the Late Bronze Age Fourteenth to Thirteenth Centuries B.C.E.: Selected Texts Recording Gifts to Royal Personages, Beer-Sheva, XIII:218.
↑ “Bible Dictionary,” in “Appendix” to The Holy Bible (SLC: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints/Intellectual Reserve, 1979), 731 (mene mene tekel upharsin).
↑ Reynolds & Sjodahl, Commentary on the Book of Mormon, 282.
↑ Köhler-Baumgartner, HALOT, II:509:20, thus dividing a whole into its parts, as in Genesis 1:11,25, lemînô, lemînā “according to its kind,” or Numbers 4:29, “according to their families,” etc.
↑ Köhler-Baumgartner, HALOT, II:510:25, in inscriptions and titles, as in Ezekiel 37:16 “For Judah [lÎhûdā], and for the children of Israel his companions; . . . , For Joseph [leYôsēp], the stick of Ephraim,” or Isaiah 8:1, 2 Nephi 18:1 “concerning Maher-shalal-hash-baz.”
↑ The Holy Bible (1979), 939 n. 11ab.
↑ T. Muraoka, “Emphasis in Biblical Hebrew,” 92, as in the list in 2 Chronicles 5:12, and in Proverbs 25:3. Or with the HEBREW emphatic or vocative lamed prefixed, as in Ugaritic l, and Akkadian l©, li, la, meaning “namely,” as in Psalm 135:11-12 leSîḥôn . . . leʿÔg “namely Siḥon and Og” (Köhler-Baumgartner, HALOT, II:510-11; von Soden, AHw, 559b; Dahood distinguishes between vocative and emphatic in Biblica, 47:407).
↑ David Ussishkin, “The Destruction of Lachish by Sennacherib and the Dating of the Royal Judean Storage Jars,” Tel Aviv, 4 (1977):28-60.
↑ Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar, 3rd ed., §§ 86B, 100, 158, 178, 180C, 181D, 262, 379:2.
↑ The Classical ISRAELITES simply equated the qdt-weight with their sheqel, and marked them with Hieratic numerals of a type fixed already in the 9th or 10th centuries at the latest.
↑ See S. Wimmer, Palästinisches Hieratisch, Ägypten und Altes Testament 75.
↑ W. Dever in P. Achtemeier, ed., Harper's Bible Dictionary, 1128-1129, and Tables B & C (at the same time, the ISRAELITES had altered the Mesopotamiansexagesimal system to their own overall quinquagesimal system); M. Powell in Freedman, ed., Anchor Bible Dictionary, VI:906-907, presents deviations from these norms, but the exceptions effectively prove the rule.
↑ Cf. John W. Welch in JBMS, 8/2 (1999):36-46; J. W. Welch in Parry, Peterson, and Welch, eds., Echoes and Evidences of the Book of Mormon, 348-350, citing J. B. Pritchard, ed., ANET, 3rd ed., 161; and J. W. Welch, “The Laws of Eshnunna and Nephite Economics,” FARMS Update #121, Insights (Dec 1998):2, reprinted in J. W. Welch & Melvin J. Thorne, eds., Pressing Forward with the Book of Mormon, 147-149.
↑ P. Rytting, “Mosiah2,”in D. Ludlow, ed., Encyclopedia of Mormonism, II:960; reprinted in Ludlow, Brown, and Welch, eds., To All the World, 190; cf. John Gee in FARMS Review of Books, 5 (1993):180.
↑ Rainey, “The Saga of Eliashib,” Biblical Archaeology Review, 13/2 (Mar-Apr 1987):37,39.
↑ Ivan Kaufman, “Samaria Ostraca,” in D. Freedman, ed., ABD, V:923.

Bibliography

ABD = David Noel Freedman, ed., Anchor Bible Dictionary, 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, 1992.

Albright, William F. The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography, AOS 5. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1934. VESO

Albright, William F. The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim, III: The Iron Age, AASOR 21–22. New Haven: American Schools of Oriental Research, 1943.

BDB = Brown, Francis, S. R. Driver, and Charles Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907/1959. BDB.

CAD = Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago (Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956– ).

Dever, William G. “Weights and Measures,” Harper’s Bible Dictionary, SBL, ed. P. J. Achtemeier, 1126–1131, and Tables. S.F.: HarperSanFrancisco, 1985).

FARMS Staff. “Weights and Measures in the Time of Mosiah II,” FARMS Preliminary Report STF-83. Provo: FARMS, 1983.

Gardiner, Alan H. Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs, 3rd ed. Oxford: Griffith Institute, Ashmolean Museum, 1957.

Gurney, O. R. The Hittites, rev. ed. Penguin, 1990.

Hoch, James E. Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1994.

Kaufman, Ivan T. “Samaria Ostraca,” in D. Freedman, ed., ABD, V:921–926.

Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament, 5 vols., revised by W. Baumgartner & Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. HALOT

Lilyquist, Christine. “The Objects Mentioned in the Texts,” in Royal Gifts in the Late Bronze Age Fourteenth to Thirteenth Centuries B.C.E.: Selected Texts Recording Gifts to Royal Personages, Beer-Sheva, XIII. Beer-Sheva: Ben Gurion Univ. of the Negev Press, 1999.

Ludlow, Daniel H., S. Kent Brown, and John W. Welch, eds. To All the World. Provo: FARMS, 2000.

Muraoka, Takamitsu. “Emphasis in Biblical Hebrew,” doctoral thesis. Jerusalem: Hebrew University in Jerusalem, 1969.

Parry, Donald, Daniel Peterson, and John W. Welch, eds. Echoes and Evidences. Provo: FARMS, 2002.

Powell, Marvin A., Jr. “Weights & Measures,” Anchor Bible Dictionary, 6 vols., ed. D. N. Freedman, VI:897–908. Doubleday, 1992.

Rainey, Anson F. “The Saga of Eliashib,” Biblical Archaeology Review, 13/2 (Mar–Apr 1987):37,39.

Reynolds, George, and Janne M. Sjodahl, Commentary on the Book of Mormon, 7 vols., P. C. Reynolds, ed. SLC: Deseret Book, 1955–1961. CBM

Rytting, Paul. “Mosiah2,” Encyclopedia of Mormonism, 5 vols., ed. Daniel Ludlow, II:960– 961. N.Y.: Macmillan, 1992 = reprinted in To All the World, ed. D. H. Ludlow, S. K. Brown, and J. W. Welch, 189–190. Provo: FARMS, 2000.

Stern, Ephraim. “Weights and Measures,” Encyclopaedia Judaica, 1st ed., ed. C. Roth, 16:376–388. Jerusalem: Carta/ N.Y.: Macmillan, 1972.

The Holy Bible. “Appendix: Bible Dictionary,” 599–793. SLC: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints/Intellectual Reserve, 1979.

Ussishkin, David. “The Destruction of Lachish by Sennacherib and the Dating of the Royal Judean Storage Jars,” Tel Aviv, 4 (1977):28–60.

Von Soden, W. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch, 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965– 1981. AHw

Welch, John W. “The Laws of Eshnunna and Nephite Economics,” FARMS Update #121, Insights (Dec 1998):2.

Welch, John W., and Melvin J. Thorne, eds. Pressing Forward with the Book of Mormon. Provo: FARMS, 1999.

Welch, John W. “A Steady Stream of Significant Recognitions,” Echoes and Evidences of the Book of Mormon, eds. D. W. Parry, D. C. Peterson, and J. W. Welch, 331–387. Provo: FARMS, 2002.

Wimmer, Stefan. Palästinisches Hieratisch: Die Zahl- und Sonderzeichen in der alt- hebräischen Schrift. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2008.

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Name Index

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Z

[1] EGYPTIAN n(i) “of,” n “to, for” > Dem. n > Coptic n = HEBREW l-, ʾel (Arab. l-); EGYPTIAN iyr, “stag; doe”> Dem. 1ywr = HEBREW ʾayîl; EGYPTIAN (s)#r, i#r, #ry “(cause) to ascend, mount up”; #rtyw “they who ascend” = HEBREW (he)ʿelā, ʿôlîm (Arab. ʿalāʾ, Assyr. elû); EGYPTIAN #gn “calf” > Copt. aol (Gk. αγολ) = HEBREW ʿēgel; EGYPTIAN #grt “wagon, cart” > Dem. #klt > Copt. aolte, akolte = HEBREW ʿagālā (Arab. ʿajala); EGYPTIAN fnḫ “split”; png “detach” > Dem. plk, pnq > Copt. pols, ple , pre = HEBREW pillēg (Arab. falaja); EGYPTIAN pr “bean; fava bean” > Copt. phel = HEBREW pôl (Arab. f©l); EGYPTIAN mrḥw, mrḥm “salt” > Copt. moulh, malh, mlah, merh = HEBREW melaḥ; EGYPTIAN mktr “tower” > Copt. metol, miktwl = HEBREW migdol (Gk. µς(∗Τ8≅<, Arab. mjdūl); EGYPTIAN ns “tongue; language” > Dem. ls > Copt. las, les = HEBREW lašôn (Arab. lisān, Akkad. liš∼nu); EGYPTIAN nšm(t) “green felspar” = HEBREW lešem “precious stone”; EGYPTIAN rhbw “heat of fire” > Dem. lhb > Copt. lhwb = HEBREW lāhab (Arab. lahab); EGYPTIAN ḥsmn “bronze” = HEBREWḥašmal, ḥašman; EGYPTIAN ḫnmt “reddish jasper” = HEBREW ʾaḥlāmā; EGYPTIAN snm “locust” = HEBREW sālʿām; EGYPTIAN q1rt, qrit “bolt, padlock” > Dem. ql1t > Copt. kele = HEBREW kēlēʿ; EGYPTIAN qrr “burnt-offering”> Dem. gll = HEBREW kālîl; EGYPTIAN qrt “vessel” > Copt. alaht, kalaht = HEBREW qallaḥat “cauldron”; EGYPTIAN knm “wrap up, a garment” > Dem. glmlm = HEBREW gālam; EGYPTIAN grt, grgy(t) “kidney” > Copt. alwt, looe, loote = HEBREW kelîyôt “kidneys” (Ug. klyt); EGYPTIAN d1rt “bitter gourd” = HEBREW ṣeʿēl; EGYPTIAN d1rt “a fruit” = HEBREW ṣeʿelîm “bough” (Job 40:21 – Humbert, ZAW, 62 [1950], 206); EGYPTIAN bnti > blti > Coptic bilti “thigh.”

[2] Ludwig Köhler-Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament, II:599; BDB, 584; cf. Genesis 13:16 limnôt . . . yîmmāne; 1 Kings 3:8 yîmmāne 2yîssāper; 8:5 yîmmānû; Ecclesiastes 1:15 lehimmānôt; in nominal form as GN Timnā “Portion, Territory” (Genesis 38:12-14, Joshua 15:10,57, 19:43, Judges 14:1,2,5, 2 Chronicles 28:18) = LXX 1∀µ<∀. Indeed, since both EGYPTIAN and HEBREW n- are also nominal prefixes (Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar, 3rd ed., § 276; HALOT, II:656), it is also possible that this was assumed to be its proper form and meaning by the time of King MOSIAH II.

[3] Hoch, Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts, #162 (p. 127): Dyn. 19/20; cites Albright, The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography, IX.C.2 (citing Burchardt 452).

[4] Cf. the verbal precative forms in Akkadian, limnu, limnanni, limannu, “may he count”; W. von Soden, AHw, 604, cited in FARMS Staff, “Weights and Measures in the Time of Mosiah II,” Preliminary Report STF-83; CAD, “L” 10:219-221.

[5] Note the 400-sheqel (=8 mina) weight of 4,565 gm found at Tell Beit Mirsim by Albright (8th century B.C., Iron II, stratum A – cited in "The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim, III: The Iron Age." AASOR, 21-22:76-78, plate 57 dil), which is very close to the 4,780 gm basalt weight found near Taanach, which N. Avigad and R. B. Y. Scott likewise interpret in light of Genesis 23:16 as a standard 400-sheqel weight (E. Stern, “Weights and Measures,” Encyclopaedia Judaica, 16:382-383,387-388, citing Scott, BASOR, 32:35).

[6] Gurney, The Hittites, 68; this would be in line with the 22 sheqel pair of pure gold earrings from Ramesses II to the Queen of Ḫatti = 8 ⅓ gm Canaanite sheqel (or EGYPTIAN qdt) weight – Christine Lilyquist, “The Objects Mentioned in the Texts,” in Royal Gifts in the Late Bronze Age Fourteenth to Thirteenth Centuries B.C.E.: Selected Texts Recording Gifts to Royal Personages, Beer-Sheva, XIII:218.

[7] “Bible Dictionary,” in “Appendix” to The Holy Bible (SLC: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints/Intellectual Reserve, 1979), 731 (mene mene tekel upharsin).

[8] Reynolds & Sjodahl, Commentary on the Book of Mormon, 282.

[9] Köhler-Baumgartner, HALOT, II:509:20, thus dividing a whole into its parts, as in Genesis 1:11,25, lemînô, lemînā “according to its kind,” or Numbers 4:29, “according to their families,” etc.

[10] Köhler-Baumgartner, HALOT, II:510:25, in inscriptions and titles, as in Ezekiel 37:16 “For Judah [lÎhûdā], and for the children of Israel his companions; . . . , For Joseph [leYôsēp], the stick of Ephraim,” or Isaiah 8:1, 2 Nephi 18:1 “concerning Maher-shalal-hash-baz.”

[11] The Holy Bible (1979), 939 n. 11ab.

[12] T. Muraoka, “Emphasis in Biblical Hebrew,” 92, as in the list in 2 Chronicles 5:12, and in Proverbs 25:3. Or with the HEBREW emphatic or vocative lamed prefixed, as in Ugaritic l, and Akkadian l©, li, la, meaning “namely,” as in Psalm 135:11-12 leSîḥôn . . . leʿÔg “namely Siḥon and Og” (Köhler-Baumgartner, HALOT, II:510-11; von Soden, AHw, 559b; Dahood distinguishes between vocative and emphatic in Biblica, 47:407).

[13] David Ussishkin, “The Destruction of Lachish by Sennacherib and the Dating of the Royal Judean Storage Jars,” Tel Aviv, 4 (1977):28-60.

[14] Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar, 3rd ed., §§ 86B, 100, 158, 178, 180C, 181D, 262, 379:2.

[15] The Classical ISRAELITES simply equated the qdt-weight with their sheqel, and marked them with Hieratic numerals of a type fixed already in the 9th or 10th centuries at the latest.

[16] See S. Wimmer, Palästinisches Hieratisch, Ägypten und Altes Testament 75.

[17] W. Dever in P. Achtemeier, ed., Harper's Bible Dictionary, 1128-1129, and Tables B & C (at the same time, the ISRAELITES had altered the Mesopotamiansexagesimal system to their own overall quinquagesimal system); M. Powell in Freedman, ed., Anchor Bible Dictionary, VI:906-907, presents deviations from these norms, but the exceptions effectively prove the rule.

[18] Cf. John W. Welch in JBMS, 8/2 (1999):36-46; J. W. Welch in Parry, Peterson, and Welch, eds., Echoes and Evidences of the Book of Mormon, 348-350, citing J. B. Pritchard, ed., ANET, 3rd ed., 161; and J. W. Welch, “The Laws of Eshnunna and Nephite Economics,” FARMS Update #121, Insights (Dec 1998):2, reprinted in J. W. Welch & Melvin J. Thorne, eds., Pressing Forward with the Book of Mormon, 147-149.

[19] P. Rytting, “Mosiah2,”in D. Ludlow, ed., Encyclopedia of Mormonism, II:960; reprinted in Ludlow, Brown, and Welch, eds., To All the World, 190; cf. John Gee in FARMS Review of Books, 5 (1993):180.

[20] Rainey, “The Saga of Eliashib,” Biblical Archaeology Review, 13/2 (Mar-Apr 1987):37,39.

[21] Ivan Kaufman, “Samaria Ostraca,” in D. Freedman, ed., ABD, V:923.

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LIMNAH: Difference between revisions

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-<pre>LIMNAH
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+|'''[[:Category:Lehite noun|Lehite noun]]'''
+|1.
+|Largest [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] gold-measure, equivalent in value to one silver [[ONTI(ES)|O<small>NTI(ES)</small>]] ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/11.5,10?lang=eng#4 Alma 11:5,10]).
+|}
-Lehite noun		Largest Nephite gold-measure, equivalent in value to one silver ONTI (Alma 11:5,10).
+'''Etymology'''
-Since the Book of Mormon was apparently written in Egyptian script, and since the phonemes l, n, and r frequently interchange among Egyptian & Hebrew cognates and loanwords,74 we may possibly have here a variant pronunciation of Hebrew nimnā “be counted, numbered, reckoned, assigned” (Isaiah 53:12 Mosiah 14:12),75 a niphal verbal form of KJV maneh (Ezekiel 45:12, capitalized as “Maneh” in 1611 KJV), the Hebrew weight-measure māne  (translated “pounds” at 1 Kings 10:17, Ezra 2:69, Nehemiah 7:70–72) = Ugaritic mn, mana, Arabic mny, mnw, Old South Arabic mnw, and Akkadian manû, transliterated in ancient Egyptian as man-nu2 “mina weight.”76  Some Akkadian verbal forms of manû are very similar to LIMNAH77 – from the same root as the general ancient Near Eastern mina-weight (manum/ MA.NA, ca. 500 gm in ancient Mesopotamian usage), which ranged from 40 to 60 times the weight of a sheqel (varying from 11.4 gm among the Classical Israelites,78 to the 8.4 gm Egyptian qdt or Canaanite sheqel 79).  The mina-weight also appears twice in Aramaic as mene in Daniel 5:25-28, where it is placed poetically with the weights sheqel and peres, and is part of the prophetic punning and rhyme scheme there.80
+Since the Book of Mormon was apparently written in [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] script, and since the phonemes ''l'', ''n'', and ''r'' frequently interchange among [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] & [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] cognates
+and loanwords,<ref>[[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''n''(''i'') “of,” ''n'' “to, for” > Dem. ''n'' > Coptic ''n'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''l''-, ''ʾel'' (Arab. l-); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''iyr'', “stag; doe”> Dem. ''1ywr'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ʾayîl''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] (''s'')''#r'', ''i#r'',
+''#ry'' “(cause) to ascend, mount up”; ''#rtyw'' “they who ascend” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] (''he'')''ʿelā'', ''ʿôlîm'' (Arab. ''ʿalāʾ'', Assyr. ''elû''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''#gn'' “calf” > Copt. ''aol'' (Gk. αγολ)
+= [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ʿēgel''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''#grt'' “wagon, cart” > Dem. ''#klt'' > Copt. ''aolte'', ''akolte'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ʿagālā'' (Arab. ''ʿajala''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''fnḫ'' “split”; ''png'' “detach” > Dem.
+''plk'', ''pnq'' > Copt. ''pols'', ''ple'' , ''pre'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''pillēg'' (Arab. ''falaja''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''pr'' “bean; fava bean” > Copt. ''phel'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''pôl'' (Arab. f©l); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''mrḥw'',
+''mrḥm'' “salt” > Copt. ''moulh'', ''malh'', ''mlah'', ''merh'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''melaḥ''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''mktr'' “tower” > Copt. ''metol'', ''miktwl'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''migdol'' (Gk. µς(∗Τ8≅<, Arab.
+''mjdūl''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''ns'' “tongue; language” > Dem. ls > Copt. ''las'', ''les'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''lašôn'' (Arab. ''lisān'', Akkad. ''liš∼nu''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''nšm''(''t'') “green felspar” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]]
+''lešem'' “precious stone”; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''rhbw'' “heat of fire” > Dem. ''lhb'' > Copt. ''lhwb'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''lāhab'' (Arab. ''lahab''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''ḥsmn'' “bronze” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]]''ḥašmal'', ''ḥašman''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''ḫnmt'' “reddish jasper” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ʾaḥlāmā''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''snm'' “locust” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''sālʿām''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''q1rt'', ''qrit'' “bolt, padlock” > Dem. ''ql1t'' >
+Copt. ''kele'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''kēlēʿ''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''qrr'' “burnt-offering”> Dem. ''gll'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''kālîl''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''qrt'' “vessel” > Copt. ''alaht'', ''kalaht'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''qallaḥat''
+“cauldron”; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''knm'' “wrap up, a garment” > Dem. ''glmlm'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''gālam''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''grt'', ''grgy''(''t'') “kidney” > Copt. ''alwt'', ''looe'', ''loote'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''kelîyôt'' “kidneys” (Ug. ''klyt''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''d1rt'' “bitter gourd” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ṣeʿēl''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''d1rt'' “a fruit” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ṣeʿelîm'' “bough” ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/job/40/21#21 Job 40:21] –  Humbert, ZAW, 62 [1950], 206); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''bnti'' > ''blti'' > Coptic ''bilti'' “thigh.”</ref> we may possibly have here a variant pronunciation of [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] נמנה ''nimnā'' “be counted, numbered, reckoned, assigned” ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/isa/53/12#12 Isaiah 53:12]; [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/mosiah/14/12#12 Mosiah 14:12]),<ref>[[Ludwig Koehler|Ludwig Köhler]]-[[Walter Baumgartner|Walter Baumgartner]], [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament'']], II:599; [[F. Brown, S. Driver, and C. Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1907 /1968.|''BDB'']], 584; cf. [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/13/16#16 Genesis 13:16] ''limnôt . . . yîmmāne''; [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_kgs/3/8#8 1 Kings 3:8] ''yîmmāne 2yîssāper''; 8:5 ''yîmmānû''; [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/eccl/1/15#15 Ecclesiastes 1:15] ''lehimmānôt''; in nominal form as [[Geographical Name|GN]] Timnā “Portion, Territory” ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/38/12-14#12 Genesis 38:12-14], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/josh/15/10,57#10 Joshua 15:10,57], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/josh/19/43#43 19:43], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/judg/14/1,2,5#1 Judges 14:1,2,5], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/2_chr/28/18#18 2 Chronicles 28:18]) =
+[[Septuaginta. Alfred Rahlfs, ed. 8th ed. Stuttgart: Württembergische Bibelanstalt, 1965.|LXX]] 1∀µ<∀.  Indeed, since both [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] and [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''n-'' are also nominal prefixes (Gardiner, ''Egyptian Grammar'', 3rd ed., § 276; [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']], II:656), it is also
+possible that this was assumed to be its proper form and meaning by the time of King [[MOSIAH|M<small>OSIAH</small>]] II.</ref>
+a niphal verbal form of [[King James Version|KJV]] ''maneh'' ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezek/45/12#12 Ezekiel 45:12], capitalized as “Maneh” in 1611 [[King James Version|KJV]]), the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] weight-measure מנה ''māne''  (translated “pounds” at [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_kgs/10/17#17 1 Kings 10:17], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezra/2/69#69 Ezra 2:69], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/neh/7/70-72#70 Nehemiah 7:70–72]) = Ugaritic ''mn'', ''mana'', Arabic ''mny'', ''mnw'', Old South Arabic ''mnw'', and Akkadian ''manû'', transliterated in ancient [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] as ''man-nu2''
+“mina weight.”<ref>Hoch, Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts, #162 (p. 127): Dyn. 19/20; cites [[William F. Albright|Albright]], [[William F. Albright, The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography. AOS 5. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1934/ reprint Millwood, N.Y., 1974.|''The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography'']], IX.C.2 (citing Burchardt 452).</ref>  Some Akkadian verbal forms of ''manû'' are very similar to '''L<small>IMNAH</small>'''<ref>Cf. the verbal precative forms in Akkadian, ''limnu'', ''limnanni'', ''limannu'', “may he count”; W. von Soden, [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|''AHw'']], 604, cited in [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Staff, “Weights and Measures in the Time of Mosiah II,” Preliminary Report [[FARMS Staff|STF]]-83; [[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''CAD'']], “L” 10:219-221.</ref> – from the same root as the general ancient Near Eastern mina-weight
+(''manum''/ MA.NA, ca. 500 gm in ancient Mesopotamian usage), which ranged from 40 to 60 times the weight of a sheqel (שקל varying from 11.4 gm among the Classical
+[[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]],<ref>Note the 400-sheqel (=8 mina) weight of 4,565 gm found at Tell Beit Mirsim by [[William F. Albright|Albright]]  (8th century B.C., Iron II, stratum A – cited in "The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim, III: The Iron Age." ''[[Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research|AASOR]]'', 21-22:76-78, plate 57 dil), which is very close to the 4,780 gm basalt weight found near Taanach, which N. Avigad and R. B. Y. Scott likewise interpret in light of [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/23/16#16 Genesis 23:16] as a standard 400-sheqel weight (E. Stern, “Weights and Measures,” Encyclopaedia Judaica, 16:382-383,387-388, citing Scott, [[Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research|''BASOR'']], 32:35).</ref> to the 8.4 ''gm'' [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''qdt'' or Canaanite sheqel<ref>Gurney, The Hittites, 68; this would be in line with the 22 sheqel pair of pure gold earrings from Ramesses II to the Queen of Ḫatti = 8 ⅓ gm Canaanite sheqel (or [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''qdt'') weight –  Christine Lilyquist, “The Objects Mentioned in the Texts,” in Royal Gifts in the Late Bronze Age Fourteenth to Thirteenth Centuries B.C.E.: Selected Texts Recording Gifts to Royal Personages, Beer-Sheva, XIII:218.</ref>).  The mina-weight also appears twice in Aramaic as מנא ''mene''- in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/dan/5/25-28#25 Daniel 5:25-28], where it is placed
+poetically with the weights sheqel and peres, and is part of the prophetic punning and rhyme scheme there.<ref>“Bible Dictionary,” in “Appendix” to The Holy Bible ([[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints/Intellectual Reserve, 1979), 731 ([https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bd/mene-mene-tekel-upharsin?lang=eng&letter=m mene mene tekel upharsin]).</ref>
-Reynolds & Sjodahl suggested that prepositional Hebrew l- (lamed) had been prefixed to nominal māne, thus meaning something like “for a maneh,”81 or “according to a maneh,”82 or “concerning a maneh”83  That has also been done in many instances in the Bible, e.g., laMenî “for Meni (god of fate),” and laGad “for Gad (god of good fortune),” both in Isaiah 65:11, and identified as such in the footnotes of the LDS Bible.84  One might also define the lamed in this case as a “lamed of specification or reference.”85  As Paul Hosskison has suggested, something like this is surely intended by the Hebrew lmlk-seals (two- and four-winged) found on the large storage jars placed in strategic Judaean fortresses by King Hezekiah in defensive preparation for a likely Assyrian invasion.  Lemelek means “royal; belonging to the king.”86  Nearly all of these Hebrew prepositional forms and meanings have a close analog in cognate Egyptian prepositions, r- and n-.87
+[[George Reynolds|Reynolds]] & [[Janne M. Sjodahl|Sjodahl]] suggested that prepositional [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''l-'' (lamed) had been prefixed to nominal ''māne'', thus meaning something like “for a maneh,”<ref>[[George Reynolds|Reynolds]] & [[Janne M. Sjodahl|Sjodahl]], [[George Reynolds and Janne M. Sjodahl, Commentary on the Book of Mormon. P. C. Reynolds, ed. 7 vols. SLC: Deseret Book, 1955–1961.|''Commentary on the Book of Mormon'']], 282.</ref> or “according
+to a maneh,”<ref>[[Ludwig Koehler|Köhler]]-[[Walter Baumgartner|Baumgartner]], [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']], II:509:20, thus dividing a whole into its parts, as in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/1/11,25#11 Genesis 1:11,25], ''lemînô'', ''lemînā'' “according to its kind,” or [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/num/4/29#29 Numbers 4:29], “according to their families,” etc.</ref> or “concerning a maneh”<ref>[[Ludwig Koehler|Köhler]]-[[Walter Baumgartner|Baumgartner]], [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']], II:510:25, in inscriptions and titles, as in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezek/37/16#16 Ezekiel 37:16] “For Judah [''lÎhûdā''], and for the children of Israel his companions; . . . , For Joseph [''leYôsēp''], the stick of Ephraim,” or [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/isa/8/1 Isaiah 8:1], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/2_ne/18/1#1 2 Nephi 18:1] “concerning Maher-shalal-hash-baz.”</ref>  That has also been done in many instances in the Bible, e.g., ''laMenî'' “for Meni (god of fate),” and ''laGad'' “for Gad (god of
+good fortune),” both in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/isa/65/11#11 Isaiah 65:11], and identified as such in the footnotes of the [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS]] Bible.<ref>The Holy Bible (1979), 939 n. 11ab.</ref>  One might also define the lamed in this case as a “lamed of
+specification or reference.”<ref>T. Muraoka, “Emphasis in Biblical Hebrew,” 92, as in the list in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/2_chr/5/12#12 2 Chronicles 5:12], and in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/prov/25/3#3 Proverbs 25:3].  Or with the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] emphatic or vocative lamed prefixed, as in Ugaritic ''l'', and Akkadian ''l''©, ''li'', ''la'', meaning “namely,” as in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ps/135/11-12#11 Psalm 135:11-12] ''leSîḥôn . . . leʿÔg'' “namely Siḥon and Og” ([[Ludwig Koehler|Köhler]]-[[Walter Baumgartner|Baumgartner]], [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']], II:510-11; von Soden, [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|''AHw'']], 559b; Dahood distinguishes between vocative and emphatic in [[Journal from the Pontifical Biblical Institute, PBI, Rome.|Biblica]], 47:407).</ref>  As Paul Hosskison has suggested, something like this is surely intended by the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] למלך ''lmlk''-seals (two- and four-winged) found on the
+large storage jars placed in strategic Judaean fortresses by King Hezekiah in defensive preparation for a likely [[ASSYRIAN|A<small>SSYRIAN</small>]] invasion.  ''Lemelek'' means “royal; belonging to
+the king.”<ref>[[David Ussishkin]], “The Destruction of Lachish by Sennacherib and the Dating of the Royal Judean Storage Jars,” Tel Aviv, 4 (1977):28-60.</ref>  Nearly all of these [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] prepositional forms and meanings have a close analog in cognate [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] prepositions, ''r-'' and ''n-''.<ref>Gardiner, ''Egyptian Grammar'', 3rd ed., §§ 86B, 100,  158, 178, 180C, 181D, 262, 379:2.</ref>
-The weight/value of the sheqel, qdt, and LEAH (here as 1/56th mina = LIMNAH) are well matched88 – despite the way in which a normative Egyptian might have dealt with this issue, since we are not dealing with Egyptians, but with a derivative system in Israel and Judah,89 and then later among the Nephites under King Mosiah II.  Pricing and relative value is all-important here, i.e., metals or their equivalents being weighed out in payment for grain, or vice-versa.  The ratio and proportion is the thing, the Israelites being free to adapt earlier systems to their own needs without hindrance from any formal Egyptian practice.
+The weight/value of the sheqel, qdt, and [[LEAH|L<small>EAH</small>]] (here as 1/56th mina = '''L<small>IMNAH'''</small>) are well matched<ref>The Classical [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]] simply equated the qdt-weight with their sheqel, and marked them with Hieratic numerals of a type fixed already in the 9th or 10th centuries at the latest.</ref> – despite the way in which a normative [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] might have dealt
+with this issue, since we are not dealing with [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIANS</small>]], but with a derivative system in [[ISRAEL|I<small>SRAEL</small>]] and [[JUDAH|J<small>UDAH</small>]],<ref>See S. Wimmer, Palästinisches Hieratisch, Ägypten und Altes Testament 75.</ref> and then later among the [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITES</small>]] under King [[MOSIAH|M<small>OSIAH</small>]] II.
+Pricing and relative value is all-important here, i.e., metals or their equivalents being weighed out in payment for grain, or vice-versa.  The ratio and proportion is the
+thing, the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]] being free to adapt earlier systems to their own needs without hindrance from any formal [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] practice.
-As a practical matter, this meant that, in the eighth & seventh centuries B.C. (probably earlier), the Israelites redefined the Egyptian Hieratic decimal numerals 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40, as 4, 8, 16, 24, and 32, on their sheqel weights, i.e., they used the Egyptian Hieratic numerals but reinterpreted them – while retaining the same proportions.  Below the 8-sheqel weight were the fractional weights, 1, 2, and 4 (also in Hieratic), obtained by halving, and above the 8-sheqel level each weight was enlarged by 8.  As Bill Dever notes, the Israelite “basic module” here was the 8-sheqel weight = 1 Egyptian diban (= 10 qdt/kite).90  The proportional sequence for each system may be correlated and displayed as follows:91
+As a practical matter, this meant that, in the eighth & seventh centuries B.C. (probably earlier), the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]] redefined the [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Hieratic decimal numerals 5, 10,
+, 30, and 40, as 4, 8, 16, 24, and 32, on their sheqel weights, i.e., they used the [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Hieratic numerals but reinterpreted them – while retaining the same
+proportions.  Below the 8-sheqel weight were the fractional weights, 1, 2, and 4 (also in Hieratic), obtained by halving, and above the 8-sheqel level each weight was
+enlarged by 8.  As Bill Dever notes, the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]] “basic module” here was the 8-sheqel weight = 1 [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] diban (= 10 qdt/kite).<ref>W. Dever in P. Achtemeier, ed., ''Harper's Bible Dictionary'', 1128-1129, and Tables B & C (at the same time, the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]] had altered the Mesopotamiansexagesimal system to their own overall quinquagesimal system); M. Powell in Freedman, ed., Anchor Bible Dictionary, VI:906-907, presents deviations from these norms, but the exceptions effectively prove the rule.</ref>  The proportional sequence for
+each system may be correlated and displayed as follows:<ref>Cf. [[John W. Welch]] in [[Journal of Book of Mormon Studies|''JBMS'']], 8/2 (1999):36-46; [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]] in [[Donald W. Parry|Parry]], [[Daniel C. Peterson|Peterson]], and [[John W. Welch|Welch]], eds., Echoes and Evidences of the Book of Mormon, 348-350, citing J. B. Pritchard, ed., [[James B. Pritchard, ed. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. 3rd ed. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1969.|''ANET'']], 3rd ed., 161; and [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]], “The Laws of Eshnunna and Nephite Economics,” [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Update #121, Insights (Dec 1998):2, reprinted in [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]] & [[Melvin J. Thorne]], eds., Pressing Forward with the Book of Mormon, 147-149.</ref>
-Egyptian	1	2	5	10		20	30	40	50	60	70
+{| class="wikitable"
-Israelite	1	2	4	8		16	24	32	40	48	56
+|-
-Nephite	⅛	¼	½	1	1½	2		4			7
+|Egyptian
+|
+|1
+|2
+|5
+|10
+|
+|20
+|30
+|40
+|50
+|60
+|70
+|-
+|Israelite
+|
+|1
+|2
+|4
+|8
+|
+|16
+|24
+|32
+|40
+|48
+|56
+|-
+|Nephite
+|⅛
+|¼
+|½
+|1
+|1½
+|2
+|
+|4
+|
+|
+|7
+|
+|}
-In other words, the Nephite system was virtually the Israelite-Egyptian system, with only a few changes – mostly in nomenclature.92  The Bible never gives a hint of the use of Egyptian Hieratic on Israelite weights, and, even as recently as forty years ago, most scholars were unaware that professional, Egyptian-speaking Israelite scribes wrote the Hieratic found at Tel Arad VII, at Kadesh-Barnea,93 and in the Samaria Ostraca.94
+In other words, the [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] system was virtually the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]]-[[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] system, with only a few changes – mostly in nomenclature.<ref>P. Rytting, “Mosiah2,”in [[Daniel H. Ludlow|D. Ludlow]], ed., Encyclopedia of Mormonism, II:960; reprinted in [[Daniel H. Ludlow|Ludlow]], [[Kent S. Brown|Brown]], and [[John W. Welch|Welch]], eds., To All the World, 190; cf. [[John Gee]] in [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Review of Books, 5 (1993):180.</ref>  The Bible never gives a hint of the
+use of [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Hieratic on [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]] weights, and, even as recently as forty years ago, most scholars were unaware that professional, [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]]-speaking [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]] scribes
+wrote the Hieratic found at Tel Arad VII, at Kadesh-Barnea,<ref>Rainey, “The Saga of Eliashib,” ''Biblical Archaeology Review'', 13/2 (Mar-Apr 1987):37,39.</ref> and in the Samaria Ostraca.<ref>Ivan Kaufman, “Samaria Ostraca,” in D. Freedman, ed., [[David Freedman, ed. Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, 1992.|''ABD'']], V:923.</ref>
-See ANTION, SENINE, SEON, SHUM.
+See [[ANTION|A<small>NTION</small>]], [[SENINE|S<small>ENINE</small>]], [[SEON|S<small>EON</small>]], [[SHUM|S<small>HUM</small>]].
-Bibliography
+'''Variants'''
-ABD = David Noel Freedman, ed., Anchor Bible Dictionary, 6 vols.  N.Y.: Doubleday,
+'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐢𐐆𐐣𐐤𐐂 (lɪmnɑː)
+'''Notes'''
+----
+<references/>
+'''Bibliography'''
+----
+[[David Freedman, ed. Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, 1992.|''ABD'']] = David Noel Freedman, ed., ''Anchor Bible Dictionary'', 6 vols.  N.Y.: Doubleday,
 .
-Albright, William F.  The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography, AOS 5.  New
+[[William F. Albright|Albright, William F.]]  The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography, [[American Oriental Society|AOS]] 5.  New
-	Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1934.  VESO
+	Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1934.  [[William F. Albright, The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography. AOS 5. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1934/ reprint Millwood, N.Y., 1974.|''VESO'']]
-Albright, William F.  The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim, III: The Iron Age, AASOR 21–22.
+[[William F. Albright|Albright, William F.]]  The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim, III: The Iron Age, ''[[Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research|AASOR]]'' 21–22.
 	New Haven: American Schools of Oriental Research, 1943.
-BDB = Brown, Francis, S. R. Driver, and Charles Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English
+[[F. Brown, S. Driver, and C. Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1907 /1968.|''BDB'']] = Brown, Francis, S. R. Driver, and Charles Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English
-	Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907/1959.  BDB  .
+	Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907/1959.  [[F. Brown, S. Driver, and C. Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1907 /1968.|''BDB'']].
-CAD = Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the
+[[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''CAD'']] = Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the
 Univ. of Chicago (Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956–   ).
-Dever, William G.  “Weights and Measures,” Harper’s Bible Dictionary, SBL, ed. P. J.
+Dever, William G.  “Weights and Measures,” ''Harper’s Bible Dictionary'', [[Society of Biblical Literature|SBL]], ed. P. J.
 	Achtemeier, 1126–1131, and Tables.   S.F.: HarperSanFrancisco, 1985).
-FARMS Staff.  “Weights and Measures in the Time of Mosiah II,” FARMS Preliminary
+[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Staff.  “Weights and Measures in the Time of Mosiah II,” [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Preliminary
-	Report STF-83.  Provo: FARMS, 1983.
+	Report [[FARMS Staff|STF]]-83.  Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 1983.
-Gardiner, Alan H.  Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs,
+Gardiner, Alan H.  ''Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs'',
 rd ed.   Oxford: Griffith Institute, Ashmolean Museum, 1957.
@@ Line 50: / Line 134: @@
 Period.   Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1994.
-Kaufman, Ivan T.  “Samaria Ostraca,” in D. Freedman, ed., ABD, V:921–926.
+Kaufman, Ivan T.  “Samaria Ostraca,” in D. Freedman, ed., [[David Freedman, ed. Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, 1992.|''ABD'']], V:921–926.
-Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner.  The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old
+[[Ludwig Koehler|Koehler, Ludwig]], and [[Walter Baumgartner]].  The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old
-Testament, 5 vols., revised by W. Baumgartner & Johann J. Stamm.  Leiden: Brill, 1994.  HALOT
+Testament, 5 vols., revised by [[Walter Baumgartner|W. Baumgartner]] & Johann J. Stamm.  Leiden: Brill, 1994.  [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']]
 Lilyquist, Christine.  “The Objects Mentioned in the Texts,” in Royal Gifts in the Late
-Bronze Age Fourteenth to Thirteenth Centuries B.C.E.: Selected Texts Recording Gifts to Royal Personages, Beer-Sheva, XIII.    Beer-Sheva: Ben Gurion Univ. of the Negev Press, 1999.
+Bronze Age Fourteenth to Thirteenth Centuries B.C.E.: Selected Texts Recording Gifts to Royal Personages, Beer-Sheva, XIII.    Beer-Sheva: Ben Gurion
+Univ. of the Negev Press, 1999.
-Ludlow, Daniel H., S. Kent Brown, and John W. Welch, eds.  To All the World.  Provo:
+[[Daniel H. Ludlow|Ludlow, Daniel H.]], [[Kent S. Brown|S. Kent Brown]], and [[John W. Welch]], eds.  To All the World.  Provo:
-	FARMS, 2000.
+	[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2000.
 Muraoka, Takamitsu.  “Emphasis in Biblical Hebrew,” doctoral thesis.  Jerusalem:
 	Hebrew University in Jerusalem, 1969.
-Parry, Donald, Daniel Peterson, and John W. Welch, eds.  Echoes and Evidences.  Provo:
+[[Donald W. Parry|Parry, Donald]], [[Daniel C. Peterson|Daniel Peterson]], and [[John W. Welch]], eds.  Echoes and Evidences.  Provo:
-	FARMS, 2002.
+	[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2002.
 Powell, Marvin A., Jr.  “Weights & Measures,” Anchor Bible Dictionary, 6 vols., ed. D. N.
 	Freedman, VI:897–908.   Doubleday, 1992.
-Rainey, Anson F.  “The Saga of Eliashib,” Biblical Archaeology Review, 13/2 (Mar–Apr
+Rainey, Anson F.  “The Saga of Eliashib,” ''Biblical Archaeology Review'', 13/2 (Mar–Apr
 ):37,39.
-Reynolds, George, and Janne M. Sjodahl, Commentary on the Book of Mormon, 7 vols.,
+[[George Reynolds|Reynolds, George]], and [[Janne M. Sjodahl]], Commentary on the Book of Mormon, 7 vols.,
-	P. C. Reynolds, ed.  SLC: Deseret Book, 1955–1961.  CBM
+	P. C. Reynolds, ed.  [[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: Deseret Book, 1955–1961.  [[George Reynolds and Janne M. Sjodahl, Commentary on the Book of Mormon. P. C. Reynolds, ed. 7 vols. SLC: Deseret Book, 1955–1961.|''CBM'']]
-Rytting, Paul.  “Mosiah2,” Encyclopedia of Mormonism, 5 vols., ed. Daniel Ludlow, II:960–
+Rytting, Paul.  “Mosiah2,” Encyclopedia of Mormonism, 5 vols., ed. [[Daniel H. Ludlow|Daniel Ludlow]], II:960–
-.  N.Y.: Macmillan, 1992 = reprinted in To All the World, ed. D. H. Ludlow, S. K. Brown, and J. W. Welch, 189–190.  Provo: FARMS, 2000.
+.  N.Y.: Macmillan, 1992 = reprinted in To All the World, ed. [[Daniel H. Ludlow|D. H. Ludlow]], [[Kent S. Brown|S. K. Brown]], and [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]], 189–190.  Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2000.
 Stern, Ephraim.  “Weights and Measures,” Encyclopaedia Judaica, 1st ed., ed. C. Roth,
 :376–388.   Jerusalem: Carta/ N.Y.: Macmillan, 1972.
-The Holy Bible.   “Appendix: Bible Dictionary,” 599–793.   SLC: Church of Jesus Christ of
+The Holy Bible.   “Appendix: Bible Dictionary,” 599–793.   [[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: Church of Jesus Christ of
 	Latter-day Saints/Intellectual Reserve, 1979.
-Ussishkin, David.  “The Destruction of Lachish by Sennacherib and the Dating of the
+[[David Ussishkin|Ussishkin, David]].  “The Destruction of Lachish by Sennacherib and the Dating of the
 Royal Judean Storage Jars,” Tel Aviv, 4 (1977):28–60.
-Von Soden, W.  Akkadisches Handwörterbuch, 3 vols.  Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–
+Von Soden, W.  ''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch'', 3 vols.  Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–
-.   AHw
+.   [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|AHw]]
-Welch, John W.  “The Laws of Eshnunna and Nephite Economics,” FARMS Update
+[[John W. Welch|Welch, John W.]]  “The Laws of Eshnunna and Nephite Economics,” [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Update
 	#121, Insights (Dec 1998):2.
-Welch, John W., and  Melvin J. Thorne, eds.  Pressing Forward with the Book of Mormon.
+[[John W. Welch|Welch, John W.]], and  [[Melvin J. Thorne]], eds.  Pressing Forward with the Book of Mormon.
-	Provo: FARMS, 1999.
+	Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 1999.
-Welch, John W.  “A Steady Stream of Significant Recognitions,” Echoes and Evidences of
+[[John W. Welch|Welch, John W.]]  “A Steady Stream of Significant Recognitions,” Echoes and Evidences of
-the Book of Mormon, eds. D. W. Parry, D. C. Peterson, and J. W. Welch, 331–387.  Provo: FARMS, 2002.
+the Book of Mormon, eds. [[Donald W. Parry|D. W. Parry]], [[Daniel C. Peterson|D. C. Peterson]], and [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]], 331–387.  Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2002.
 Wimmer, Stefan.  Palästinisches Hieratisch: Die Zahl- und Sonderzeichen in der alt-
 	hebräischen Schrift.  Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2008.
-										RFS
-Egyptian n(i) “of,” n “to, for” > Dem. n > Coptic n = Hebrew l-, ʾel (Arab. l-); Egyptian iyr, “stag; doe”> Dem. 1ywr = Hebrew ʾayîl; Egyptian (s)#r, i#r, #ry “(cause) to ascend, mount up”; #rtyw “they who ascend” = Hebrew (he)ʿelā, ʿôlîm (Arab. ʿalāʾ, Assyr. elû); Egyptian #gn “calf” > Copt. aol (Gk. αγολ) = Hebrew ʿēgel; Egyptian #grt “wagon, cart” > Dem. #klt > Copt. aolte, akolte = Hebrew ʿagālā (Arab. ʿajala); Egyptian fnḫ “split”; png “detach” > Dem. plk, pnq > Copt. pols, ple , pre = Hebrew pillēg (Arab. falaja); Egyptian pr “bean; fava bean” > Copt. phel = Hebrew pôl (Arab. f©l); Egyptian mrḥw, mrḥm “salt” > Copt. moulh, malh, mlah, merh = Hebrew melaḥ; Egyptian mktr “tower” > Copt. metol, miktwl = Hebrew migdol (Gk. µς(∗Τ8≅<, Arab. mjdūl); Egyptian ns “tongue; language” > Dem. ls > Copt. las, les = Hebrew lašôn (Arab. lisān, Akkad. liš∼nu); Egyptian nšm(t) “green felspar” = Hebrew lešem “precious stone”; Egyptian rhbw “heat of fire” > Dem. lhb > Copt. lhwb = Hebrew lāhab (Arab. lahab); Egyptian ḥsmn “bronze” = Hebrew ḥašmal, ḥašman; Egyptian ḫnmt “reddish jasper” = Hebrew ʾaḥlāmā; Egyptian snm “locust” = Hebrew sālʿām; Egyptian q1rt, qrit “bolt, padlock” > Dem. ql1t > Copt. kele = Hebrew kēlēʿ; Egyptian qrr “burnt-offering”> Dem. gll = Hebrew kālîl; Egyptian qrt “vessel” > Copt. alaht, kalaht = Hebrew qallaḥat “cauldron”; Egyptian knm “wrap up, a garment” > Dem. glmlm = Hebrew gālam; Egyptian grt, grgy(t) “kidney” > Copt. alwt, looe, loote = Hebrew kelîyôt “kidneys” (Ug. klyt); Egyptian d1rt “bitter gourd” = Hebrew ṣeʿēl; Egyptian d1rt “a fruit” = Hebrew ṣeʿelîm “bough” (Job 40:21 –  Humbert, ZAW, 62 [1950], 206); Egyptian bnti > blti > Coptic bilti “thigh.”�
-Koehler & Baumgartner, HALOT, II:599; BDB, 584; cf. Genesis 13:16 limnôt . . . yîmmāne; 1 Kings 3:8 yîmmāne 2yîssāper; 8:5 yîmmānû; Ecclesiastes 1:15 lehimmānôt; in nominal form as GN Timnā “Portion, Territory” (Genesis 38:12-14, Joshua 15:10,57, 19:43, Judges 14:1,2,5, 2 Chronicles 28:18) = LXX 1∀µ<∀.  Indeed, since both Egyptian and Hebrew n- are also nominal prefixes (Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar, 3rd ed., § 276; HALOT, II:656), it is also possible that this was assumed to be its proper form and meaning by the time of King Mosiah II. �
-Hoch, Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts, #162 (p. 127): Dyn. 19/20; cites Albright, VESO, IX.C.2 (citing Burchardt 452).�
-Cf. the verbal precative forms in Akkadian, limnu, limnanni, limannu, “may he count”; W. von Soden, AHw, 604, cited in FARMS Staff, “Weights and Measures in the Time of Mosiah II,” Preliminary Report STF-83; CAD, “L” 10:219-221.
-Note the 400-sheqel (=8 mina) weight of 4,565 gm found at Tell Beit Mirsim by Albright  (8th century B.C., Iron II, stratum A – AASOR, 21-22:76-78, plate 57 dil), which is very close to the 4,780 gm basalt weight found near Taanach, which N. Avigad and R. B. Y. Scott likewise interpret in light of Genesis 23:16 as a standard 400-sheqel weight (E. Stern, “Weights and Measures,” Encyclopaedia Judaica, 16:382-383,387-388, citing Scott, BASOR, 32:35).�
-Gurney, The Hittites, 68; this would be in line with the 22 sheqel pair of pure gold earrings from Ramesses II to the Queen of Ḫatti = 8 ⅓ gm Canaanite sheqel (or Egyptian qdt) weight –  Christine Lilyquist, “The Objects Mentioned in the Texts,” in Royal Gifts in the Late Bronze Age Fourteenth to Thirteenth Centuries B.C.E.: Selected Texts Recording Gifts to Royal Personages, Beer-Sheva, XIII:218.
-�80 “Bible Dictionary,” in “Appendix” to The Holy Bible (SLC: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints/Intellectual Reserve, 1979), 731.�
-Reynolds & Sjodahl, CBM, 282.�
-Koehler & Baumgartner, HALOT, II:509:20, thus dividing a whole into its parts, as in Genesis 1:11,25, lemînô, lemînā “according to its kind,” or Numbers 4:29, “according to their families,” etc.�
-Koehler & Baumgartner, HALOT, II:510:25, in inscriptions and titles, as in Ezekiel 37:16 “For Judah [lÎhûdā], and for the children of Israel his companions; . . . , For Joseph [leYôsēp], the stick of Ephraim,” or Isaiah 8:1 22 Nephi 18:1 “concerning Maher-shalal-hash-baz.”�
-The Holy Bible (1979), 939 n. 11ab.�
-T. Muraoka, “Emphasis in Biblical Hebrew,” 92, as in the list in 2 Chronicles 5:12, and in Proverbs 25:3.  Or with the Hebrew emphatic or vocative lamed prefixed, as in Ugaritic l, and Akkadian l©, li, la, meaning “namely,” as in Psalm 135:11-12 leSîḥôn . . . leʿÔg “namely Siḥon and Og” (Koehler & Baumgartner, HALOT, II:510-11; von Soden, AHw, 559b; Dahood distinguishes between vocative and emphatic in Biblica, 47:407).
-David Ussishkin, “The Destruction of Lachish by Sennacherib and the Dating of the Royal Judean Storage Jars,” Tel Aviv, 4 (1977):28-60.
-�87 Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar, 3rd ed., §§ 86B, 100,  158, 178, 180C, 181D, 262, 379:2.�
-The Classical Israelites simply equated the qdt-weight with their sheqel, and marked them with Hieratic numerals of a type fixed already in the 9th or 10th centuries at the latest.�
-See S. Wimmer, Palästinisches Hieratisch, Ägypten und Altes Testament 75.�
-W. Dever in P. Achtemeier, ed., Harper's Bible Dictionary, 1128-1129, and Tables B & C (at the same time, the Israelites had altered the Mesopotamian sexagesimal system to their own overall quinquagesimal system); M. Powell in Freedman, ed., Anchor Bible Dictionary, VI:906-907, presents deviations from these norms, but the exceptions effectively prove the rule.�
-Cf. John W. Welch in JBMS, 8/2 (1999):36-46; J. W. Welch in Parry, Peterson, and Welch, eds., Echoes and Evidences of the Book of Mormon, 348-350, citing J. B. Pritchard, ed., ANET, 3rd ed., 161; and J. W. Welch, “The Laws of Eshnunna and Nephite Economics,” FARMS Update #121, Insights (Dec 1998):2, reprinted in J. W. Welch & Melvin J. Thorne, eds., Pressing Forward with the Book of Mormon, 147-149.
-P. Rytting, “Mosiah2,”in D. Ludlow, ed., Encyclopedia of Mormonism, II:960; reprinted in Ludlow, Brown, and Welch, eds., To All the World, 190; cf. John Gee in FARMS Review of Books, 5 (1993):180.�
+[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite noun]]
-Rainey, “The Saga of Eliashib,” Biblical Archaeology Review, 13/2 (Mar-Apr 1987):37,39.�
+<div style="text-align: center;"> [[LIMHI|<<]] Limnah [[LUCIFER|>>]] </div>
-Ivan Kaufman, “Samaria Ostraca,” in D. Freedman, ed., ABD, V:923.
+==[[Name Index]]==
-</pre>
+<big>
+{|border="0" cellpadding="1" width="100%pt"
+|-
+|[[A]]
+|[[B]]
+|[[C]]
+|[[D]]
+|[[E]]
+|<font color="lightgray">F</font>
+|[[G]]
+|[[H]]
+|[[I]]
+|[[J]]
+|[[K]]
+|[[L]]
+|[[M]]
+|[[N]]
+|[[O]]
+|[[P]]
+|<font color="lightgray">Q</font>
+|[[R]]
+|[[S]]
+|[[T]]
+|[[U]]
+|<font color="lightgray">V</font>
+|<font color="lightgray">W</font>
+|<font color="lightgray">X</font>
+|<font color="lightgray">Y</font>
+|[[Z]]
+|}