NAHOM: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 08:49, 8 October 2023

Lehite GN	1.	Burial site of ISHMAEL (1 Nephi 16:34)

Etymology

See the name of the prophet נחום Nahum and the Old Testament book named after him. It means “[God] comforts,” or “Comforter,” from the vocable נחם nḥm, “to comfort; to console.”

Surprisingly, evidence for NAHOM as a Book of Mormon name is based primarily on historical, geographic, and archaeological—and only secondarily on etymological— considerations. Three altar inscriptions containing NHM as a tribal name, and dating from the eighth to the seventh centuries B.C., have been discussed by Warren P. Aston,^[1] and S. Kent Brown.^[2] Nhm appears as a place name and as a tribal name in southwestern Arabia in the pre-Islamic and early Islamic period in the Arab antiquarian al-Hamdani’s al-Iklíl^[3] and in his Sifat Jazírat al-‘Árab.^[4] If, as Robert Wilson observes, there is minimal movement among tribes over time,^[5] the region known as “Nehem” may well have had that, or a similar, name in antiquity.

The HEBREW root נהם nhm meaning “to groan” (of persons),^[6] attested in Ezekiel 24:23 and Proverbs 5:11, may reflect the actions of the daughters of ISHMAEL in 1 Nephi 16:35 in “mourn[ing] exceedingly, because of the loss of their father, and because of their afflictions in the wilderness.” Were the name originally “Neḥem,” the Semitic roots suggested in 1950 by Hugh Nibley (the Arabic naḥama, “to sigh or moan;” and the HEBREW root נחם nḥm, “comfort, consolation”)^[7] would also fit the context of 1 Nephi 16.

Cf. Book of Mormon NEUM, JAROM, JACOM

Variants

Deseret Alphabet: 𐐤𐐁𐐐𐐊𐐣 (neɪhʌm)

Notes

↑ Warren P. Aston, “The Origins of the Nihm Tribe of Yemen: A Window into Arabia's Past,” Journal of Arabian Studies: Arabia, the Gulf, and the Red Sea, 4/1 (2014): 134-148
↑ S. Kent Brown, “New Light from Arabia on Lehi’s Trail,” in Echoes and Evidences of the Book of Mormon, ed. Donald W. Parry, Daniel C. Peterson, and John W. Welch (Provo, UT: FARMS, 2002), 55-125, esp. 81-82.
↑ Al-Hasan ibn Ahmad al-Hamdani, al-Iklíl, ed. Nabih Faris (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1940), 35, 94.
↑ al-Hamdani, Sifat Jazirat al-‘Árab, ed. David H. Müller (Leiden: Brill, repr. 1968), 49, 1.9; 81, 1.4, 8, 11; 83, 1.8, 9; 109, 1.26; 110, 112.2, 4, 126, 1.10; 135,1.19, 22; 167, 1.15-20; 168, 1.10, 11, where nhm is listed as either the name of a “region, territory” (Ar. balad) or a “tribe” (Ar. qabíla); Jawad ‘Ali, Al-Mufassal fi Ta’ ríkh al-‘Árab qabla al-Islām (Beirut: Dar al-‘Ilm lil-Malayan, 1969–73), 2:414, gives Nhm as the name of a “region” (Ar. ard) during the period of the mukarribs and the [ancient] kingdom of Saba” (Ar. fī ayyām al-mukarribína wa-fī ayyām mulūk Saba’); he also gives Nhm as a place name, Al-Mufassal, 4:187 and 7: 462.
↑ Robert Wilson, “al-Hamdani’s Description of Hashid and Bakil,” Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 11 (1981): 95, 99-100.
↑ D. J. A. Clines, ed, The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2001), 5:631.
↑ Hugh W. Nibley, “Lehi in the Desert.” Improvement Era 53 (June 1950): 517; Nibley, Lehi in the Desert and the World of the Jaredites (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1952), 90-91; Hugh Nibley, Lehi in the Desert/The World of The Jaredites/There Were Jaredites (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book and FARMS, 1988), 79.

Bibliography

Warren P. Aston "Across Arabia with Lehi and Sariah: 'Truth Shall Spring out of the Earth'." Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 15/2 (2006): 8-25.
Warren P. Aston "The Arabian Bountiful Discovered? Evidence for Nephi's Bountiful." Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 7/1 (1998): 4-11.
Warren P. Aston "Newly Found Altars from Nahom." Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 10/2 (2001): 56-61.
Warren P. Aston “A History of NaHoM,” BYU Studies, 51/2 (2012): 79–98.
Warren P. Aston “The Origins of the Nihm Tribe of Yemen: A Window into Arabia's Past,” Journal of Arabian Studies: Arabia, the Gulf, and the Red Sea, 4/1 (2014): 134-148.
S. Kent Brown "New Light: 'The Place That Was Called Nahom': New Light from Ancient Yemen." Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 8/1 (1999): 66-68.
S. Kent Brown “New Light from Arabia on Lehi’s Trail,” in Echoes and Evidences of the Book of Mormon, ed. Donald W. Parry, Daniel C. Peterson, and John W. Welch, 55-125. Provo, UT: FARMS, 2002.
S. Kent Brown "Refining the Spotlight on Lehi and Sariah." Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 15/2 (2006): 44-57.
Ross T. Christensen “The Place Called Nahom,” Ensign, 8/8 (August 1978):73.
Lynn M. Hilton "In Search of Lehi's Trail—30 Years Later." Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 15/2 (2006): 4-7.
Jeff Lindsay “Noham, That’s Not History (Nor Geography, Cartography, or Logic): More on the Recent Attacks on nhm,” FairMormon Blog, December 23, 2013, at [1].
Jeff Lindsay “Noham, That’s Not History (Nor Geography, Cartography, or Logic): More on the Recent Attacks on nhm,” Mormanity, December 21, 2013, at [2].
Daniel H. Ludlow A Companion to your Study of the Book of Mormon. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 1969.
Neal Rappleye and Stephen O. Smoot, “ Book of Mormon Minimalists and the NHM Inscriptions: A Response to Dan Vogel,” Interpreter: A Journal of Mormon Scripture 8 (2014):157-185, online at [3].

<< Nahom >>

Name Index

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

[1] Warren P. Aston, “The Origins of the Nihm Tribe of Yemen: A Window into Arabia's Past,” Journal of Arabian Studies: Arabia, the Gulf, and the Red Sea, 4/1 (2014): 134-148

[2] S. Kent Brown, “New Light from Arabia on Lehi’s Trail,” in Echoes and Evidences of the Book of Mormon, ed. Donald W. Parry, Daniel C. Peterson, and John W. Welch (Provo, UT: FARMS, 2002), 55-125, esp. 81-82.

[3] Al-Hasan ibn Ahmad al-Hamdani, al-Iklíl, ed. Nabih Faris (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1940), 35, 94.

[4] -Hamdani, Sifat Jazirat al-‘Árab, ed. David H. Müller (Leiden: Brill, repr. 1968), 49, 1.9; 81, 1.4, 8, 11; 83, 1.8, 9; 109, 1.26; 110, 112.2, 4, 126, 1.10; 135,1.19, 22; 167, 1.15-20; 168, 1.10, 11, where nhm is listed as either the name of a “region, territory” (Ar. balad) or a “tribe” (Ar. qabíla); Jawad ‘Ali, Al-Mufassal fi Ta’ ríkh al-‘Árab qabla al-Islām (Beirut: Dar al-‘Ilm lil-Malayan, 1969–73), 2:414, gives Nhm as the name of a “region” (Ar. ard) during the period of the mukarribs and the [ancient] kingdom of Saba” (Ar. fī ayyām al-mukarribína wa-fī ayyām mulūk Saba’); he also gives Nhm as a place name, Al-Mufassal, 4:187 and 7: 462.

[5] Robert Wilson, “al-Hamdani’s Description of Hashid and Bakil,” Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 11 (1981): 95, 99-100.

[6] D. J. A. Clines, ed, The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2001), 5:631.

[7] Hugh W. Nibley, “Lehi in the Desert.” Improvement Era 53 (June 1950): 517; Nibley, Lehi in the Desert and the World of the Jaredites (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1952), 90-91; Hugh Nibley, Lehi in the Desert/The World of The Jaredites/There Were Jaredites (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book and FARMS, 1988), 79.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 |'''[[:Category:Lehite GN|Lehite GN]]'''
 |1.
-|Old World burial place of [[ISHMAEL|I<small>SHMAEL</small>]], probably in Arabia ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_ne/16/34#34 1 Nephi 16:34])
+|Burial site of [[ISHMAEL|I<small>SHMAEL</small>]] ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/16.34?lang=eng#33 1 Nephi 16:34])
 |}
-'''This entry is not finished'''
+'''Etymology'''
-'''Etymology'''
+See the name of the prophet נחום Nahum and the Old Testament book named after him. It means “[God] comforts,” or “Comforter,” from the vocable נחם ''nḥm,'' “to comfort; to console.”
+Surprisingly, evidence for '''N<small>AHOM</small>''' as a Book of Mormon name is based primarily on historical, geographic, and archaeological—and only secondarily on etymological—
+considerations. Three altar inscriptions containing ''NHM'' as a tribal name, and dating from the eighth to the seventh centuries B.C., have been discussed by Warren P. Aston,<ref>Warren P. Aston, “The Origins of the Nihm Tribe of Yemen: A Window into Arabia's Past,” ''Journal of Arabian Studies: Arabia, the Gulf, and the Red Sea'', 4/1 (2014): 134-148</ref> and S. Kent Brown.<ref>S. Kent Brown, “New Light from Arabia on Lehi’s Trail,” in ''Echoes and Evidences of the Book of Mormon'', ed. [[Donald W. Parry]], [[Daniel C. Peterson]], and [[John W. Welch]] (Provo,
+UT: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2002), 55-125, esp. 81-82.</ref> ''Nhm'' appears as a place name and as a tribal name in southwestern Arabia in the
+pre-Islamic and early Islamic period in the Arab antiquarian al-Hamdani’s ''al-Iklíl''<ref>Al-Hasan ibn Ahmad al-Hamdani, ''al-Iklíl'', ed. Nabih Faris (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1940), 35, 94.</ref> and in his ''Sifat Jazírat al-‘Árab''.<ref>al-Hamdani, ''Sifat Jazirat al-‘Árab'', ed. David H. Müller (Leiden: Brill, repr. 1968), 49, 1.9; 81, 1.4, 8, 11; 83, 1.8, 9; 109, 1.26; 110, 112.2, 4, 126, 1.10; 135,1.19, 22; 167, 1.15-20; 168, 1.10, 11, where ''nhm'' is listed as either the name of a “region, territory” (Ar. ''balad'') or a “tribe” (Ar. ''qabíla''); Jawad ‘Ali, ''Al-Mufassal fi Ta’ ríkh al-‘Árab qabla al-Islām'' (Beirut: Dar al-‘Ilm lil-Malayan, 1969–73), 2:414, gives ''Nhm'' as the name of a “region” (Ar. ''ard'') during the period of the ''mukarribs'' and the [ancient] kingdom of Saba” (Ar. ''fī ayyām al-mukarribína wa-fī ayyām mulūk Saba’''); he also gives ''Nhm'' as a place name, ''Al-Mufassal'', 4:187 and 7: 462.</ref> If, as Robert Wilson observes, there is
+minimal movement among tribes over time,<ref>Robert Wilson, “al-Hamdani’s Description of Hashid and Bakil,” ''Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies'' 11 (1981): 95, 99-100.</ref> the region known as “Nehem” may well have had that, or a similar, name in antiquity.
-Surprisingly, evidence for '''NAHOM''' as a Book of Mormon name is based primarily on historical, geographic, and archaeological—and only secondarily on etymological—
+The [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] root נהם ''nhm'' meaning
-considerations. Three alter inscriptions containing ''NHM'' as a tribal name and dating from the seventh to the sixth centuries B.C—roughly the time period when [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]]’s
+“to groan” (of  persons),<ref>D. J. A. Clines, ed, ''The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew'' (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2001), 5:631.</ref> attested in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezek/24/23#23 Ezekiel 24:23] and [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/prov/5/11#11 Proverbs 5:11], may reflect the actions of the daughters of [[ISHMAEL|I<small>SHMAEL</small>]] in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_ne/16/35#35 1 Nephi 16:35] in “mourn[ing]
-family was traveling through the area---have been discussed by S. Kent Brown.<ref> Brown, “New Light from Arabia on Lehi’s Trail,” in Echoes and Evidences of the Book of Mormon, ed. Donald W. Parry, Daniel C. Peterson, and John W. Welch (Provo,
-UT: FARMS, 2002), 55-125, esp. 81-82.</ref> ''Nhm'' appears as a place name and as a tribal name in southwestern Arabia in the
-pre-Islamic and early Islamic period in the Arab antiquarian al-Hamdani’s al-Iklíl<ref>Al-Hasan ibn Ahmad al-Hamdani, al-Iklíl, ed. Nabih Faris (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1940), 35, 94.</ref> and in his Sifat Jazírat al-‘Á rab.<ref>al-Hamdani, Sifat Jazirat al-‘Árab, ed. David H. Müller (Leiden: Brill, repr. 1968), 49, 1.9; 81, 1.4, 8, 11; 83, 1.8, 9; 109, 1.26; 110, 112.2, 4, 126, 1.10; 135,1.19, 22; 167, 1.15-20; 168, 1.10, 11, where ''nhm'' is listed as either the name of a “region, territory” (Ar. ''balad'') or a “tribe” (Ar. ''qabíla''); Jawad ‘Ali, Al-Mufassal fi Ta’ ríkh al-‘Árab qabla al-Islām (Beirut: ''Dar al-‘Ilm lil-Malayan'', 1969–73), 2:414, gives ''Nhm'' as the name of a “region” (Ar. ard) during the period of the ''mukarribs'' and the [ancient] kingdom of Saba” (Ar. ''fī ayyām al-mukarribína wa-fī ayyām mulūk Saba’''); he also gives ''Nhm'' as a place name, Al-Mufassal, 4:187 and 7: 462.</ref> If, as Robert Wilson observes, there is
-minimal movement among tribes over time,<ref>Robert Wilson, “al-Hamdani’s Description of Hashid and Bakil,” Proceedings from the Seminar on Arabian Studies 11 (1981): 95, 99-100.</ref> the region known as “Nehem” may well have had that, or a similar, name in antiquity.   The Hebrew root ''nhm'' meaning
-“to groan” (of  persons),<ref>D. J. A. Clines, ed, The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2001), 5:631.</ref> attested in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezek/24/23#23 Ezekiel 24:23] and [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/prov/5/11#11 Proverbs 5:11], may reflect the actions of the daughters of [[ISHMAEL|I<small>SHMAEL</small>]] in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_ne/16/35#35 1 Nephi 16:35] in “mourn[ing]
 exceedingly, because of the loss of their father, and because of their afflictions in the wilderness.” Were the name originally  “Neḥem,” the Semitic roots suggested in
-by Hugh Nibley (the Arabic naḥama, “to sigh or moan;” and the Hebrew root ''nḥm'', “comfort”)<ref>Hugh W. Nibley, “Lehi in the Desert.” Improvement Era 53 (June 1950): 517; Nibley, Lehi in the Desert and the World of the Jaredites (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1952), 90-91; Hugh Nibley, Lehi in the Desert/The World of he Jaredites/There Were Jaredites (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book and FARMS, 1988), 79</ref> would also fit the context of [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_ne/16 1 Nephi 16].
+by [[Hugh W. Nibley|Hugh Nibley]] (the Arabic ''naḥama'', “to sigh or moan;” and the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] root נחם ''nḥm'', “comfort, consolation”)<ref>[[Hugh W. Nibley]], “Lehi in the Desert.” ''Improvement Era'' 53 (June 1950): 517; [[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]], ''Lehi in the Desert and the World of the Jaredites'' (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1952), 90-91; [[Hugh W. Nibley|Hugh Nibley]], ''Lehi in the Desert/The World of The Jaredites/There Were Jaredites'' (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book and [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 1988), 79.</ref> would also fit the context of [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_ne/16 1 Nephi 16].
 Cf. Book of Mormon [[NEUM|N<small>EUM</small>]], [[JAROM|J<small>AROM</small>]], [[JACOM|J<small>ACOM</small>]]
@@ Line 24: / Line 25: @@
 '''Variants'''
-'''Deseret Alphabet:'''
+'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐤𐐁𐐐𐐊𐐣 (neɪhʌm)
 '''Notes'''
 ----
 <references/>
-<div style="text-align: right;"> RFS </div>
 '''Bibliography'''
 ----
-*[[Warren P. Aston]] "Across Arabia with Lehi and Sariah: 'Truth Shall Spring out of the 	Earth'." [http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/jbms/?vol=15&num=2&id=414 Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 15, no. 2 (2006): 8-25.]
+*[[Warren P. Aston]] "Across Arabia with Lehi and Sariah: 'Truth Shall Spring out of the Earth'." [http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/jbms/?vol=15&num=2&id=414 ''Journal of Book of Mormon Studies'' 15/2 (2006): 8-25.]
-*[[Warren P. Aston]] "The Arabian Bountiful Discovered? Evidence for Nephi's Bountiful." [http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/jbms/?vol=7&num=1&id=165 Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 7, no. 1 (1998): 4-11.]
+*[[Warren P. Aston]] "The Arabian Bountiful Discovered? Evidence for Nephi's Bountiful." [http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/jbms/?vol=7&num=1&id=165 ''Journal of Book of Mormon Studies'' 7/1 (1998): 4-11.]
-*[[Warren P. Aston]] "Newly Found Altars from Nahom." [http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/jbms/?vol=10&num=2&id=255 Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 10, no. 2 (2001): 56-61.]
+*[[Warren P. Aston]] "Newly Found Altars from Nahom." [http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/jbms/?vol=10&num=2&id=255 ''Journal of Book of Mormon Studies'' 10/2 (2001): 56-61.]
-*[[Kent S. Brown]] "New Light: 'The Place That Was Called Nahom': New Light from Ancient Yemen." [http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/jbms/?vol=8&num=1&id=187 Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 8, no. 1 (1999): 66-68.]
+*[[Warren P. Aston]] “A History of NaHoM,” ''[[Brigham Young University|BYU]] Studies'', 51/2 (2012): 79–98.
-*[[Kent S. Brown]] "Refining the Spotlight on Lehi and Sariah." [http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/jbms/?vol=15&num=2&id=416 Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 15, no. 2 (2006): 44-57.]
+*[[Warren P. Aston]] “The Origins of the Nihm Tribe of Yemen: A Window into Arabia's Past,” ''Journal of Arabian Studies: Arabia, the Gulf, and the Red Sea'', 4/1 (2014): 134-148.
-*[[Lynn M. Hilton]] "In Search of Lehi's Trail—30 Years Later." [http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/jbms/?vol=15&num=2&id=413 Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 15, no. 2 (2006): 4-7.]
+*[[S. Kent Brown]] "New Light: 'The Place That Was Called Nahom': New Light from Ancient Yemen." [http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/jbms/?vol=8&num=1&id=187 ''Journal of Book of Mormon Studies'' 8/1 (1999): 66-68.]
-*[[Daniel H. Ludlow]] A Companion to your Study of the Book of Mormon. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 1969.
+*[[S. Kent Brown]] “New Light from Arabia on Lehi’s Trail,” in ''Echoes and Evidences of the Book of Mormon'', ed. [[Donald W. Parry]], [[Daniel C. Peterson]], and [[John W. Welch]], 55-125.  Provo, UT: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2002.
+*[[S. Kent Brown]] "Refining the Spotlight on Lehi and Sariah." [http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/jbms/?vol=15&num=2&id=416 ''Journal of Book of Mormon Studies'' 15/2 (2006): 44-57.]
+*[[Ross T. Christensen]] “The Place Called Nahom,” ''Ensign'', 8/8 (August 1978):73.
+*[[Lynn M. Hilton]] "In Search of Lehi's Trail—30 Years Later." [http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/jbms/?vol=15&num=2&id=413 ''Journal of Book of Mormon Studies'' 15/2 (2006): 4-7.]
+*[[Jeff Lindsay]] “Noham, That’s Not History (Nor Geography, Cartography, or Logic): More on the Recent Attacks on nhm,” ''FairMormon Blog'', December 23, 2013, at  [http://www.fairblog.org/2013/12/23/noham-thats-not-history-nor-geography-cartography-or-logic-more-on-the-recent-attacks-on-nhm/ ].
+*[[Jeff Lindsay]] “Noham, That’s Not History (Nor Geography, Cartography, or Logic): More on the Recent Attacks on nhm,” ''Mormanity'', December 21, 2013, at  [http://mormanity.blogspot.com/2013/12/noham-thats-not-history-nor-geography.html ].
+*[[Daniel H. Ludlow]] ''A Companion to your Study of the Book of Mormon''. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 1969.
 [[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite GN]]
+*Neal Rappleye and Stephen O. Smoot, “ Book of Mormon Minimalists and the NHM Inscriptions: A Response to Dan Vogel,” ''Interpreter: A Journal of Mormon Scripture'' 8 (2014):157-185, online at [http://www.mormoninterpreter.com/book-of-mormon-minimalists-and-the-nhm-inscriptions-a-response-to-dan-vogel/ ].
+<div style="text-align: center;"> [[MULOKI|<<]] Nahom [[NAPHTALI|>>]] </div>
+==[[Name Index]]==
+<big>
+{|border="0" cellpadding="1" width="100%pt"
+|-
+|[[A]]
+|[[B]]
+|[[C]]
+|[[D]]
+|[[E]]
+|<font color="lightgray">F</font>
+|[[G]]
+|[[H]]
+|[[I]]
+|[[J]]
+|[[K]]
+|[[L]]
+|[[M]]
+|[[N]]
+|[[O]]
+|[[P]]
+|<font color="lightgray">Q</font>
+|[[R]]
+|[[S]]
+|[[T]]
+|[[U]]
+|<font color="lightgray">V</font>
+|<font color="lightgray">W</font>
+|<font color="lightgray">X</font>
+|<font color="lightgray">Y</font>
+|[[Z]]
+|}

NAHOM: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 08:49, 8 October 2023

Name Index

Navigation menu

Page actions

Page actions

Personal tools

Navigation

Search

Tools