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GAD
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
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|Lehite GN
|'''[[:Category:Lehite GN|Lehite GN]]'''
|1.
|1.
|City, burned with fire ca. 34 AD, along with Laman, Josh, and Kishkumen ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/3_ne/9/10#10 3 Nephi 9:10])
|City, burned with fire at the time of the Crucifixion, along with [[LAMAN|L<small>AMAN</small>]], [[JOSH|J<small>OSH</small>]], and [[KISHKUMEN|K<small>ISHKUMEN</small>]] ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/9.10?lang=eng#9 3 Nephi 9:10])
|}
|}


The Hebrew root gād meaning “fortune, luck, riches, etc.,” is quite common, including KJV Gad, the Israelite tribe (one of the twelve sons of Jacob/Israel), whose name is used in word-play on gād “good-fortune” ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/30/11#11 Genesis 30:11], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/isa/65/11#11 Isaiah 65:11]).<ref>See the 1979 LDS edition of the Bible (page 45) for the paronomasia at [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/30/11#11 Genesis 30:11].</ref> The PN shows up nearer the time of Lehi in the 8th century BC Samaria Ostraca (6:16–18:30) in the form gdyw (JAT), the -yw being the theophoric element and the northern Hebrew dialectic form for Jehovah;<ref>The Bigrammaton yo (=yahu) is known primarily from the northern Hebrew dialect; see Z. Zevit, Matres Lectionis in Ancient Hebrew Epigraphs, 12–13 nn. 14–15.</ref> note the Hebrew PNs gdy and gdyhw “Yahu is my good fortune” (7th century BC Hebrew seals ##23, 24, and 26, referring to the same person);<ref>Hobbs, “Gadi,” in Freedmen, ed., ABD, II: 868, citing the Samaria Ostraca, Arad Inscriptions 71–72, and Hebrew seals published by N. Avigad, Hebrew Bullae from the Time of Jeremiah (1985/1986): 39–41.</ref> it also shows up in the biblical GNs Hazar-gaddah “Village of good fortune” ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/josh/15/27#27 Joshua 15:27]); Baal-gad “Lord-Gad” ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/josh/11/17#17 Joshua 11:17]); Migdal-gad “Tower of Gad, Tower of Fortune” (Joshua 15:37); and appellative PNs Gaddi “My good fortune” ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/num/13/11#11 Numbers 13:11], 1 Maccabees 2:2); Gaddiel, “My good fortune is El” ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/num/13/10#10 Numbers 13:10]); Gadi “My good fortune” ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/2_kgs/15/14,17#14 2 Kings 15:14, 17]);<ref>Maier, “Gad (Deity),” in D. N. Freedman, ed., Anchor Bible Dictionary, 6 vols., II: 863–64.</ref> also from this Semitic root is Punic Gades > Cadiz (Spain),<ref>Albright, Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan, 127.</ref> any resident of which is known in Spanish as gaditano.
'''Etymology'''


Also possible is Hebrew gad “coriander, cilantro” (by analogy with the Arabic GN Ras Shamra “Cape Fennel” [JH]).
It is likely that this [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] hapax legomenon [[Geographical Name|GN]] comes from the [[Personal Name|PN]] of the first person who settled the city (see [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/8.7?lang=eng#6 Alma 8:7]). The root גד ''gad'' in [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] means "fortune, luck, riches, etc.," and is quite common in [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]], including the [[Personal Name|PN]] גד ''gād'', one of the twelve sons of [[JACOB|J<small>ACOB</small>]] ([[ISRAEL|I<small>SRAEL</small>]]).<ref>The King James Bible disguises the meaning of [[JACOB|J<small>ACOB</small>]]'s son's name by rendering [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/gen/30.11?lang=eng#10 Genesis 30:11] (the first time the personal name appears in the Bible), "And Leah said, A troop cometh: and she called his name Gad." The Matthew Bible (1537) is more accurate, "Then said Lea: Good luck: and called his name Gad." A more literal translation might be, "And Leah said, 'By good fortune!' And she called his name Gad." (See [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']] sub גד.) The name for ''troop''/''band'' in biblical [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] is ''gĕdȗd'', a close homophone (in Semitic languages) of ''gad''.</ref>The (deified) word appears in biblical [[Personal Name|PN]]s, e.g., גדיאל ''Gaddiel'' (perhaps, "My fortune is El") in [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/num/13.5?lang=eng#4 Numbers 13:5], and in extra-biblical [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] texts close to the time of [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]] ([[John A. Tvedtnes|JAT]]).<ref>See Shmuel Ahituv, ''Echoes from the Past: [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] and Cognate Inscriptions from the Biblical Period'' (Jerusalem: Carta, 2008), 503, for the names גד, גדיו, גדעזר.</ref>


It is likely that this Nephite GN comes from the PN of the person who settled the city.
The biblical noun ''gĕdȗd'', "band, troop," is a possibility for this [[Geographical Name|GN]].<ref>The [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] verb ''gdd'' apparently is a denominative from this primary noun and means "to band together." See [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']] sub גדד.</ref> However, "fortune" seems a more likely name for a city that "troop."


Less likely, though not impossible is the biblical [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] word for "coriander," גד ''gad'', mentioned in [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/ex/16.31?lang=eng#30 Exodus 16:31]. For an example of a Near Eastern [[Geographical Name|GN]] coming from a plant, see the Arabic [[Geographical Name|GN]] Ras Shamra, "cape fennel" ([[Jo Ann Hackett|JH]]).


See [[AMNIGADDAH]], [[GADIANDI]], [[GADIANTON/GADDIANTON]], [[GADIOMNAH]].
If Sumerian can be appealed to, the following could be considered. Sumerian <sup>giš</sup>GADA = Akkadian ''kitû'' "flax, linen (clothing)," as in GADA.LUGAL, ''kitû šarri'', "byssus."<ref>Cochavi-Rainey, Zipora. ''The Akkadian Dialect of Egyptian Scribes in the 14th and 13th Centuries BCE.'' University of Toronto Press. 2011., 16.</ref> Cf. also Sumerian <sup>lú</sup>GAD, = Akkadian ''pētû'', "door-keeper."<ref>[[Rykle Borger, Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon. 2nd ed. AOAT 305. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2010.|''MZ'']], #157 (p. 285); ''Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago.'' (Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.) "K" 475b; [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|''AHw'']], 861b.</ref>


==Notes==
Cf. Book of Mormon [[GID|G<small>ID</small>]], [[AMGID|A<small>MGID</small>]], [[AMNIGADDAH|A<small>MNIGADDAH</small>]], [[GADIANDI|G<small>ADIANDI</small>]], [[GADIANTON/GADDIANTON|G<small>ADIANTON</small>]], [[GADIOMNAH|G<small>ADIOMNAH</small>]], et al.
<references/>


==Bibliography==
'''Variants'''


Albright, William F. Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan: A Historical Analysis of Two Contrasting Faiths. Doubleday, 1968.
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐘𐐈𐐔 (ɡæd)


Hobbs, T. R. “Gadi,” in D. N. Freedman, ed., Anchor Bible Dictionary, 6 vols., II: 868. NY: Doubleday, 1992.
'''Notes'''
----
<references/>


Maier, Walter, III. “Gad (Deity),” in D. N. Freedman, ed., Anchor Bible Dictionary, 6 vols., II: 863–64. NY: Doubleday, 1992.
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite GN]]


Zevot, Ziony. Matres Lectionis in Ancient Hebrew Epigraphs. Cambridge, Mass.: ASOR, 1980.
<div style="text-align: center;"> [[EZROM/EZRUM|<<]] Gad [[GADIANDI|>>]] </div>
 
==[[Name Index]]==
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|[[J]]
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|[[L]]
|[[M]]
|[[N]]
|[[O]]
|[[P]]
|<font color="lightgray">Q</font>
|[[R]]
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|<font color="lightgray">W</font>
|<font color="lightgray">X</font>
|<font color="lightgray">Y</font>
|[[Z]]
|}

Latest revision as of 23:23, 10 July 2023

Lehite GN 1. City, burned with fire at the time of the Crucifixion, along with LAMAN, JOSH, and KISHKUMEN (3 Nephi 9:10)

Etymology

It is likely that this NEPHITE hapax legomenon GN comes from the PN of the first person who settled the city (see Alma 8:7). The root גד gad in HEBREW means "fortune, luck, riches, etc.," and is quite common in HEBREW, including the PN גד gād, one of the twelve sons of JACOB (ISRAEL).[1]The (deified) word appears in biblical PNs, e.g., גדיאל Gaddiel (perhaps, "My fortune is El") in Numbers 13:5, and in extra-biblical HEBREW texts close to the time of LEHI (JAT).[2]

The biblical noun gĕdȗd, "band, troop," is a possibility for this GN.[3] However, "fortune" seems a more likely name for a city that "troop."

Less likely, though not impossible is the biblical HEBREW word for "coriander," גד gad, mentioned in Exodus 16:31. For an example of a Near Eastern GN coming from a plant, see the Arabic GN Ras Shamra, "cape fennel" (JH).

If Sumerian can be appealed to, the following could be considered. Sumerian gišGADA = Akkadian kitû "flax, linen (clothing)," as in GADA.LUGAL, kitû šarri, "byssus."[4] Cf. also Sumerian lúGAD, = Akkadian pētû, "door-keeper."[5]

Cf. Book of Mormon GID, AMGID, AMNIGADDAH, GADIANDI, GADIANTON, GADIOMNAH, et al.

Variants

Deseret Alphabet: 𐐘𐐈𐐔 (ɡæd)

Notes

  1. ↑ The King James Bible disguises the meaning of JACOB's son's name by rendering Genesis 30:11 (the first time the personal name appears in the Bible), "And Leah said, A troop cometh: and she called his name Gad." The Matthew Bible (1537) is more accurate, "Then said Lea: Good luck: and called his name Gad." A more literal translation might be, "And Leah said, 'By good fortune!' And she called his name Gad." (See HALOT sub גד.) The name for troop/band in biblical HEBREW is gĕdȗd, a close homophone (in Semitic languages) of gad.
  2. ↑ See Shmuel Ahituv, Echoes from the Past: HEBREW and Cognate Inscriptions from the Biblical Period (Jerusalem: Carta, 2008), 503, for the names גד, גדיו, גדעזר.
  3. ↑ The HEBREW verb gdd apparently is a denominative from this primary noun and means "to band together." See HALOT sub גדד.
  4. ↑ Cochavi-Rainey, Zipora. The Akkadian Dialect of Egyptian Scribes in the 14th and 13th Centuries BCE. University of Toronto Press. 2011., 16.
  5. ↑ MZ, #157 (p. 285); Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. (Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.) "K" 475b; AHw, 861b.
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