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Book of Mormon Onomasticon - User contributions [en]
2024-03-19T11:40:31Z
User contributions
MediaWiki 1.39.4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=HIMNI&diff=12062
HIMNI
2015-04-21T19:34:36Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite PN|Lehite PN]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|Son of King [[MOSIAH|M<small>OSIAH</small>]] II ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/27.34?lang=eng#33 Mosiah 27:34]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/22.35?lang=eng#34 Alma 22:35]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/23.1?lang=eng#primary 23:1]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/25.17?lang=eng#16 25:17]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/27.19?lang=eng#18 27:19]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/31.6?lang=eng#5 31:6])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
This Nephite name, '''H<small>IMNI</small>''', no doubt is related to the [[Personal Name|PN]] ''ḥmn'' on a seal found at Megiddo.<ref>See [[Nahman Avigad|Nahman Avigad]], ''Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals''. Ed. Benjamin Sass. (Jerusalem: The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, et al., 1997), 99, seal 160. Of more than passing interest is the fact that the seal has [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] glyptic elements. The connection between the name on this seal and the Book of Mormon name '''H<small>IMNI</small>''' was first pointed out in [[John A. Tvedtnes]], [[John Gee]], and [[Matthew Roper]]. “Book of Mormon Names Attested in Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions,” [[Journal of Book of Mormon Studies|''JBMS'']] 9/1 (2000):47.</ref> The form of the name is identical to the biblical [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] names Zimri, Omri, and Tibni from approximately the same time period as the seal. The etymology is uncertain.<ref>Though the etymology is uncertain, see the suggestions in Avigad, 498.</ref> <br />
<br />
[[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]] suggested an [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] theophoric name ''Ḥmn''<ref>[[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]], "Lehi in the Desert", ''Lehi in the Desert; The World of the Jaredites; There Were Jaredites.'' John W. Welch, Darrell L. Matthews, and Stephen R. Callister, eds. Collected Works of Hugh Nibley. 5. (Salt Lake City/Provo: Deseret Book/FARMS, 1988.), 27.</ref>, which Egyptologists interpret as a falcon-god, the falcon being symbolic of the king. This would be a reference to an obscure local-god ''Ḥemen'',<ref>Pyramid Texts 235, 483, and Book of the Dead 19: intro.</ref> whom Faulkner lists as the god “Hemen, a falcon-god worshipped near Esna in Upper [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPT</small>]].”<ref>R. Faulkner, ''The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead'', 2nd ed. (Austin: Univ. of Texas Press, 1985), 190; Faulkner, ''The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts'' (Oxford: Clarendon, 1969/ Sandpiper Books, 1998).</ref> <br />
<br />
See [[OMNI|O<small>MNI</small>]], [[ZERAHEMNAH|Z<small>ERAHEMNAH</small>]]<br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐐𐐆𐐣𐐤𐐌 (hɪmnaɪ)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite PN]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=HIMNI&diff=12061
HIMNI
2015-04-21T19:16:09Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite PN|Lehite PN]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|Son of King [[MOSIAH|M<small>OSIAH</small>]] II ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/27.34?lang=eng#33 Mosiah 27:34]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/22.35?lang=eng#34 Alma 22:35]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/23.1?lang=eng#primary 23:1]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/25.17?lang=eng#16 25:17]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/27.19?lang=eng#18 27:19]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/31.6?lang=eng#5 31:6])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
This Nephite name, '''H<small>IMNI</small>''', no doubt is related to the [[Personal Name|PN]] ''ḥmn'' on a seal found at Megiddo.<ref>See [[Nahman Avigad|Nahman Avigad]], ''Coprus of West Semitic Stamp Seals''. Ed. Benjamin Sass. (Jerusalem: The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, et al., 1997), 99, seal 160. Of more than passing interest is the fact that the seal has [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] glyptic elements. The connection between the name on this seal and the Book of Mormon name '''H<small>IMNI</small>''' was first pointed out in [[John A. Tvedtnes]], [[John Gee]], and [[Matthew Roper]]. “Book of Mormon Names Attested in Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions,” [[Journal of Book of Mormon Studies|''JBMS'']] 9/1 (2000):47.</ref> The form of the name is identical to the biblical [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] names Zimri, Omri, and Tibni from approximately the same time period as the seal. The etymology is uncertain.<ref>Though the etymology is uncertain, see the suggestions in Avigad, 498.</ref> <br />
<br />
[[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]] suggested an [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] theophoric name ''Ḥmn''<ref>[[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]], "Lehi in the Desert", ''Lehi in the Desert; The World of the Jaredites; There Were Jaredites.'' John W. Welch, Darrell L. Matthews, and Stephen R. Callister, eds. Collected Works of Hugh Nibley. 5. (Salt Lake City/Provo: Deseret Book/FARMS, 1988.), 27.</ref>, which Egyptologists interpret as a falcon-god, the falcon being symbolic of the king. This would be a reference to an obscure local-god ''Ḥemen'',<ref>Pyramid Texts 235, 483, and Book of the Dead 19: intro.</ref> whom Faulkner lists as the god “Hemen, a falcon-god worshipped near Esna in Upper [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPT</small>]].”<ref>R. Faulkner, ''The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead'', 2nd ed. (Austin: Univ. of Texas Press, 1985), 190; Faulkner, ''The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts'' (Oxford: Clarendon, 1969/ Sandpiper Books, 1998).</ref> <br />
<br />
See [[OMNI|O<small>MNI</small>]], [[ZERAHEMNAH|Z<small>ERAHEMNAH</small>]]<br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐐𐐆𐐣𐐤𐐌 (hɪmnaɪ)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite PN]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=HIMNI&diff=12060
HIMNI
2015-04-21T19:11:57Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite PN|Lehite PN]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|Son of King [[MOSIAH|M<small>OSIAH</small>]] II ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/27.34?lang=eng#33 Mosiah 27:34]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/22.35?lang=eng#34 Alma 22:35]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/23.1?lang=eng#primary 23:1]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/25.17?lang=eng#16 25:17]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/27.19?lang=eng#18 27:19]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/31.6?lang=eng#5 31:6])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
This Nephite name, '''H<small>IMNI</small>''', no doubt is related to the [[Personal Name|PN]] ''ḥmn'' on a seal found at Megiddo.<ref>See Nahman Avigad, ''Corus of West Semitic Stamp Seals'', revised and completed by Benjamin Sass (Jerusalem: The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, et al., 1997), 99, seal 160. Of more than passing interest is the fact that the seal has [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] glyptic elements. The connection between the name on this seal and the Book of Mormon name '''H<small>IMNI</small>''' was first pointed out in [[John A. Tvedtnes]], [[John Gee]], and [[Matthew Roper]]. “Book of Mormon Names Attested in Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions,” [[Journal of Book of Mormon Studies|''JBMS'']] 9/1 (2000):47.</ref> The form of the name is identical to the biblical [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] names Zimri, Omri, and Tibni from approximately the same time period as the seal. The etymology is uncertain.<ref>Though the etymology is uncertain, see the suggestions in Avigad, 498.</ref> <br />
<br />
[[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]] suggested an [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] theophoric name ''Ḥmn''<ref>[[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]], "Lehi in the Desert", ''Lehi in the Desert; The World of the Jaredites; There Were Jaredites.'' John W. Welch, Darrell L. Matthews, and Stephen R. Callister, eds. Collected Works of Hugh Nibley. 5. (Salt Lake City/Provo: Deseret Book/FARMS, 1988.), 27.</ref>, which Egyptologists interpret as a falcon-god, the falcon being symbolic of the king. This would be a reference to an obscure local-god ''Ḥemen'',<ref>Pyramid Texts 235, 483, and Book of the Dead 19: intro.</ref> whom Faulkner lists as the god “Hemen, a falcon-god worshipped near Esna in Upper [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPT</small>]].”<ref>R. Faulkner, ''The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead'', 2nd ed. (Austin: Univ. of Texas Press, 1985), 190; Faulkner, ''The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts'' (Oxford: Clarendon, 1969/ Sandpiper Books, 1998).</ref> <br />
<br />
See [[OMNI|O<small>MNI</small>]], [[ZERAHEMNAH|Z<small>ERAHEMNAH</small>]]<br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐐𐐆𐐣𐐤𐐌 (hɪmnaɪ)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite PN]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=IRREANTUM&diff=12022
IRREANTUM
2015-02-18T21:50:12Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite GN|Lehite GN]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|Sea, most likely off the Arabian coast, meaning “many waters” ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/17.5?lang=eng#4 1 Nephi 17:5])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
'''I<small>RREANTUM</small>''' is one of the few Book of Mormon names that is defined with a textual gloss in the Book of Mormon. This gloss signals that its meaning was not readily discernible to readers of the plates and was not in their language. A number of different etymologies have been proposed for '''I<small>RREANTUM</small>''', one Semitic and four [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]]. (The etymologies are more complex than usual, and so are numbered for convenience but are listed, as usual, from most preferred to least preferred.)<br />
<br />
'''I''': Semitic<br />
<br />
'''I<small>RREANTUM</small>''' may be composed of four elements: a prosthetic aleph, the root ''rwy'', the nominalizing affix ''-an'', and the root ''tmm''. Together, these four elements would yield the literal meaning, “abundant watering of completeness.” This meaning is an acceptable match with the translation given in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_ne/17/5#5 1 Nephi 17:5], “many waters.”<ref>The fact that [[NEPHI|N<small>EPHI</small>]] provides a translation of the transliterated name may indicate that some or all of the name may not have been completely transparent to native [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] speakers.</ref><br />
<br />
The root ''rwy'' is common to the West Semitic languages and has the general meaning “thorough watering, to water plentifully.”<ref>The root ''rwy'' appears in [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] and other North-west Semitic languages. For example, [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] has ''rwh'', which has the following meanings in its various verbal forms: Qal, to drink one’s fill, to be refreshed; Piel, to give to drink abundantly, water thoroughly; and Hifʿil, to water thoroughly. (See [[Ludwig Koehler]] and [[Walter Baumgartner]], ''The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament,'' CD-ROM version [Leiden: Brill], under ''rwh''.) In Ugaritic, the root occurs also in a personal name, ''bn rwy,'' but the meaning of the name is uncertain. (See [[Frauke Gröndahl|Frauke Gröndahl]], ''Die Personennamen der Texte aus Ugarit,'' Studia Pohl 1 [Rome: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum, 1967], 312.)<br />
In South Semitic languages, the area where the land of Bountiful is located, the root also appears. For example, in inscriptional Qatabanian, the root ''rwy'' means "irrigation system" ([[Stephen D. Ricks]], ''Lexicon of Inscriptional Qatabanian'' [Roma: Editrice Pontifico Istituto Biblico], 153). In Sabaic, ''yhrwy[n]'' means to "provide with irrigation," while ''rwym'' is a well, or watering place. (See [[Joan Biella|Joan Copeland Biella]], ''Dictionary of Old South Arabic: Sabean Dialect''. Harvard Semitic Studies 25 [Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1982], 482.) Finally, in modern Arabic, the root ''rwy'' is associated with water for drinking and irrigation. See [[Edward W. Lane|Edward William Lane]], ''An Arabic-English Lexicon'', 8 parts (Beirut, Lebanon: Librairie du Liban, 1980), 3:1194B1195.</ref> That '''I<small>RREANTUM</small>''' has a doubled /r/ does not present any problems. None of the West Semitic languages originally indicated in the orthography the doubling of consonants. (Akkadian, the East Semitic language group, did indicate on occasion the doubling of a consonant.) Not until more than a thousand years after the time of [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]] were diacritical marks introduced into written [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] and Arabic that indicated the doubling of a consonant. However, the pronunciation of doubled consonants in [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]]’s day is certain, both on the basis of comparative Semitics and because the doubling, which is phonemic in Semitic languages, shows up when doubling is marked. <br />
<br />
The /i/ that precedes the doubled /r/ is also easily explained as either a prosthetic aleph added to the name to break up a consonant cluster,<ref>Other instances of prosthetic aleph in [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] include ''ʾeṣbaʿ ʾarbaʿ'', and ''ʾezrôaʿ''. Spanish also prefixes a prosthetic vowel before the initial /st/ consonant cluster, e.g., ''Estefan'' instead of Stefan.</ref> or as the aleph of the South Semitic definite article ''il''. When the article is pronounced together with the noun that follows it, the /l/ assimilates to the following consonant, doubling it.<ref>As I will later point out, there seem to be reasons to believe that this name given to this place name may have been influenced by South Arabian, where it is located.</ref> Supporting this interpretation of the first two elements of '''I<small>RREANTUM</small>''' is the existence of a pre-Islamic city/village name ''ʾrwy'',<ref>G. Lankester Harding, ''An Index and Concordance of Pre-Islamic Arabian Names and Inscriptions'' (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1971), 38. (I have not yet been able to find the location of the town based on the information provided, partly because the [[Brigham Young University|BYU]] library does not have the relevant sources.) In addition, there are family, clan, and/or tribe names in pre-Islamic inscriptions, such as ''rwyn'' and ''rwym,'' containing the root ''rwy,'' which in the Arabic form ''rawiy'' means "abundant, well watered" (see Harding, 291). I thank my friend and colleague, Brian Hauglid, for drawing my attention to this entry in Lankester Harding.</ref> exactly what might be expected from the combination of a prosthetic aleph or an assimilated definite article and the root ''rwy''. The first part of '''I<small>RREANTUM</small>''' would then be ''*ʾrrȇ-<*ʾrrey-<*rwey-''.<br />
<br />
The element ''-ān'' is a common affix (a particle appended to a word) used in all the Semitic languages, including ancient South Semitic. It occurs especially in abstracts,<ref>[[Sabatino Moscati|Sabatino Moscati]] and others, ''An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages'' (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1969), 82, '12.21.</ref> meaning abstract nouns, similar to the use of the affix "-ship" in the English word "kingship." An abstraction from "watering" seems to fit the requirement here that '''I<small>RREANTUM</small>''' have something to do with "water."<ref>Some people may argue that the element as rendered here, cannot be a [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] form of the affix. Due to the so-called Canaanite shift in [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]], where other Semitic languages have an (accented) long /ā/, [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] and a few other North-west Semitic languages have a long /ō/. Thus, this common Semitic affix, ''-ān,'' became ''-ōn'' in [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]]. There are however examples of ''-ān'' remaining ''-ān'' in [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]], e.g., ''šulhān'', "table," and ''qorbān'', "offering" or "sacrifice." See [[Sabatino Moscati, et al. An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages. Sabatino Moscati, ed. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1969.|Moscati]], 82, '12.21. However, since the first part of '''I<small>RREANTUM</small>''' is attested as a place name in Arabia, and since '''I<small>RREANTUM</small>''' is most likely located on the southern coast of Arabia, it should not be surprising to find the regular South Semitic form of this affix and not the usual [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] form ''-ōn''.</ref><br />
<br />
The final element, ''tmm,'' could well be the common West Semitic root meaning “complete, whole; innocent, perfect;" etc. Both the noun form and the infinitive form in [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] are ''tōm'', which reverts to its earliest form, ''tūm'', when it is not stressed. Together with the first part of '''I<small>RREANTUM</small>''', the name would mean, somewhat literally, “abundant watering of completeness,” or “fully abundant waters.” That ''Irrean'' and ''tum'' are separate words would also explain why the /n/ does not assimilate to the following /t/, which always happens within a word of [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] origin, but not when the /n/ ends one word and the /t/ begins another.<br />
<br />
It is unlikely that the Akkadian city name ''URU a-ri-ia-an-ta'' in north-west Syria<ref>[[Michael C. Astour|Michael C. Astour]], “The Partition of the Confederacy of Mukiš-Nuhašše-Nii by Šuppiluliuma,” ''Orientalia'' 38 [1969] 410.</ref> is etymologically related to '''I<small>RREANTUM</small>'''. ([[Paul Y. Hoskisson|PYH]]) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''II''': [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]]<br />
<br />
The first of these etymologies is composed of several [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] elements: *''itrw-ʿ3-n-tm''. <br />
<br />
[[Robert F. Smith]] proposed that the ''irre-'' element might be related to [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''itrw'' which, though etymologically spelled with a ''t'' is known to have lost it in pronunciation by the Late Bronze Age being borrowed into [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] as ''ye'or'' and surviving in Coptic as ''eioor'' (Sahidic dialect), ''ioore'' (Akhmimic dialect), ''ior'' (Bohairic dialect), and ''iaar'' or ''iaal'' (Fayyumic dialect).<ref>W. E. Crum, ''A Coptic Dictionary'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1939), 82.</ref> It also occurs as part of the Akkadian term ''niaru'' "papyrus"<ref>[[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''CAD'']] N2:200-201.</ref> (from [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''n3-itrw'' "the things of the river"). The term means a "watercourse, river or canal."<ref>Adolf Erman and Hermann Grapow, [[Adolf Erman, and Hermann Grapow, Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache. 5 vols. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1926-1931.|''Wörterbuch der aegyptischen Sprache'']], 1:146; R. O. Faulkner, ''A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian'' (Oxford: Griffith Institute, 1962), 33; W. E. Crum, ''A Coptic Dictionary'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1939), 82.</ref> <br />
<br />
The second element ''ʿ3'' is the [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] word for "great"<ref>Erman and Grapow, ''Wörterbuch der aegyptischen Sprache'', 1:161-62; Faulkner, 'Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian', 37.</ref> surviving into Coptic as ''o'' (Sahidic and Bohairic dialects), ''ou'' (Sahidic dialect), ''au'' (Sahidic dialect), or ''a'' (Fayyumic dialect).<ref>Crum, ''Coptic Dictionary'', 253.</ref> <br />
<br />
Together the term ''itrw-ʿ3'' was the "name of one of the three main Delta Nile-arms,"<ref>[[Alan H. Gardiner|Alan H. Gardiner]], ''Ancient Egyptian Onomastica'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1947), 2:163*.</ref> and appeared in Neo-Assyrian as ''maru-ya-ru-ʻu-ú''.<ref>[[Hermann Ranke|H. Ranke]], ''Keilschriftliches Material zur altägyptischen Vokalisation'' (Berlin, 1910), 29, cited in [[Yoshiyuki Muchiki|Y. Muchiki]], ''Egyptian Proper Names and Loanwords in North-West Semitic'' (Atlanta: [[Society of Biblical Literature|SBL]], 1999), 248</ref> The term, surviving in Coptic as ''eiero'' (Sahidic dialect) and ''iaro'' (Bohairic dialect), also "signified the entire main course of the river" and "not only was the commonest designation of the Nile, but also was extended to other great rivers like the Euphrates and Danube."<ref>[[Alan H. Gardiner|Gardiner]], ''Ancient Egyptian Onomastica'', 2:163*</ref> The term could also refer to canals.<ref>[[Alan H. Gardiner|Gardiner]], ''Ancient Egyptian Onomastica'', 2:164-65*.</ref> <br />
<br />
The ''n'' is the genitive marker "of."<ref>Erman and Grapow, ''Wörterbuch der aegyptischen Sprache'', 2:196-97.</ref> <br />
<br />
The ''tm'' element means "perfect, complete."<ref>Erman and Grapow, ''Wörterbuch der aegyptischen Sprache'', 5:303-4.</ref> Together the elements would mean "great watercourse of all." ([[John Gee|JG]])<br />
<br />
This etymology, however, does not account for the doubled ''r'' and would we expect another vowel before the ''r''.<br />
<br />
<br />
Additional [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] etymologies:<br />
<br />
[[Hugh W. Nibley]] marked two different phrases in an execration ritual as possible [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] sources for the term '''I<small>RREANTUM</small>''' in marginalia penciled into the copy of the text that he read.<ref>[[Hugh W. Nibley|H. Nibley]] found this source over 40 years ago, and sent copies of it with a letter of explanation to [[Robert F. Smith]], Sept 25, 1968.</ref> This ritual is found in a pair of papyri: P. Louvre N 3129, and [[British Museum|BM]] [[El-Amarna Tablets|EA]] 10252.<ref>Siegfried Schott, ''Urkunden mythologischen Inhalts'' (Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1929), 1-3; Victoria Altmann, ''Die Kultfrevel des Seth: Die Gefährdung der göttlichen Ordnung in zwei Vernichtungsritualen der ägyptischen Spätzeit (Urk. VI)'' (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2010), 2-4.</ref> The British Museum version has the text along with a parallel interpretation in what has been termed proto-Demotic.<ref>Altmann, ''Die Kultfrevel des Seth'', 4.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
'''III''': [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]]<br />
<br />
The first of [[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]]'s possible suggestions for '''I<small>RREANTUM</small>''' was the phrase he transliterated (following the Egyptologist Siegfried Schott) ''iiry-ʿnḏtyw-mw'' which is the proto-Demotic translation of ''r-gs-ʿnḏtyw'' "beside the waters of Busiris.<ref>Schott, ''Urkunden mythologischen Inhalts'', 67.</ref> The sign for ''ʿnḏtyw'' is an official on a standard (variant of N74).<ref>The sign is not in Alan H. Gardiner, ''Egyptian Grammar'', 492, nor is it in Petra Vomberg and Orell Witthuhn, ''Hieroglyphenschlüssel'' (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2008), 244-45. It may be found in Christian Leitz, ''Quellentexte zur ägyptischen Religion I: Die Tempelinschriften der greichisch-römischen Zeit'' (Münster: LIT Verlag, 2004), 167 and in Rainer Hannig, ''Großes Handwörterbuch Ägyptisch-Deutsch (2800-950 v. Chr.)'' (Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern, 1995), 1151, 1321. It is the sign for the ninth Lower [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] nome.</ref> <br />
<br />
This interpretation, however, does not work for two reasons: <br />
<br />
(1) The sign that [[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]] read as ''mw'' (N35a),<ref>Gardiner, ''Egyptian Grammar'', 490; Vomberg and Witthuhn, ''Hieroglyphenschlüssel'', 240.</ref> is in fact the water determinative and not a pronounced element. [[Robert F. Smith]], however, points out that the water sign might represent [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] group-writing and may represent -''um''.<ref>[[James E. Hoch|James E. Hoch]], ''Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period'', §§52 (pp. 52-53), 304 (p. 221); Table 8, and page 508 (''mu3'').</ref> Group writing, however, is not otherwise used in the two papyri, nor expected in an [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] place name. <br />
<br />
(2) The context of the papyrus, moreover, argues against such an interpretation. The passage itself reads (with the phrase in italics): "O lord of the slaughter ''that is beside the water of Busiris'', who is over the water of the ocean, who extends the life of the chief of the palace, who lives and causes others to live, come that you may protect me from death today, and the terror and the coming of darkness because I am he who binds on heads and establishes necks, and who gives breath to the weary of heart."<ref>Siegfried Schott, ''Urkunden mythologischen Inhalts'' (Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1929), 67; translation in [[Paul Y. Hoskisson]], with Brian Hauglid and [[John Gee]], “Irreantum,” ''Journal of Book of Mormon Studies'' 11,1 (2002): 92-93.</ref> So neither the writing nor the context support this proposed etymology.([[John Gee|JG]])<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''IV''': [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]]<br />
<br />
The second of [[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]]'s suggestions is the phrase ''r3-ʿq3'' which is interpreted in proto-Demotic as ''r3-n-n-t3-[...]w-dšr''. [[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]], following Schott, read this as ''r3-ʿnty-mw''.<ref>In order to fully understand this, it must first be explained that the biblical [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] phrase for “Many Waters” is ''mayîm rabbîm'' ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ps/32/6#6 Psalms 32:6], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ps/69/2-3,14-15#2 69:2-3,14-15], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ps/93/4#4 93:4], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/job/27/20#20 Job 27:20], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/isa/17/12-13#12 Isaiah 17:12-13], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/jer/51/13#13 Jeremiah 51:13], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezek/19/10#10 Ezekiel 19:10], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezek/31/5,7#5 31:5,7], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezek/32/13#13 32:13]; ǁ”rivers” [https://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/song/8.7?lang=eng#6 Song of Songs 8:7]), which has a very significant meaning as the “Deep” (''tĕhôm'') source of rivers, seas, springs, etc. (cf. [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_ne/14/11#11 1 Nephi 14:11] [ǁ[http://scriptures.lds.org/en/rev/17/1#1 Revelation 17:1] ''hudatōn pollōn'' in a quotation from [[Septuaginta. Alfred Rahlfs, ed. 8th ed. Stuttgart: Württembergische Bibelanstalt, 1965.|LXX]] [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/jer/51/13#13 Jeremiah 51:13], referring to the waters of Babylon], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ps/18/16#16 Psalm 18:16] [[http://scriptures.lds.org/en/2_sam/22/17#17 2 Samuel 22:17]], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/jer/51/55#55 Jeremiah 51:55], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezek/31/15#15 Ezekiel 31:15], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezek/43/2#2 43:2], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/rev/1/15#15 Revelation 1:15], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/rev/14/2#2 14:2], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/rev/19/6#6 19:6]; “seas”ǁ”rivers” [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ps/98/7-8#7 Psalm 98:7-8]). The Indian Ocean area referred to in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_ne/17/5#5 1 Nephi 17:5] is elsewhere described variously as Aramaic ''yammaʾ śimmoqaʾ'' “the Red Sea” (including the Persian Gulf; cf. [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''smq'' “red”) = the Erythrean Sea/ ''erythran . . . thalassan'', as noted by Joseph Fitzmyer in his translation-commentary on The Genesis Apocryphon of Qumran Cave I Joseph A. Fitzmyer, ''The Genesis Apocryphon of Qumran Cave I: A Commentary'' (Rome 1966 /2nd ed., 1971), citing Josephus, ''Antiquities'', I,1,3 §39; Herodotus 1:180, 2:11,158, 4:42; Pliny, ''Natural History'' 6:28; Jubilees 8:21, 9:2, 1 Enoch 32:2, 77:7-9; 4QEnc frag 2:20; Berossus; and Xenophon. at 1QapGn 21:17-18 (cf. ''ymʾ rbʾ'' “Great Sea” at 16:12). This is also familiar from [[Septuaginta. Alfred Rahlfs, ed. 8th ed. Stuttgart: Württembergische Bibelanstalt, 1965.|LXX]] Greek ''erythra thalassa'' = Masoretic [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''yam sûp'' “Sea of Reeds.” Cf. J. T. Milik, ''Revue biblique'', 65 (1958), 71, also cited in Fitzmyer, ''The Genesis Apocryphon of Qumran Cave I: A Commentary'', . Since [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]] and [[NEPHI|N<small>EPHI</small>]] clearly knew [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] language ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_ne/1/2#2 1 Nephi 1:2]), perhaps [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] “Many Waters” would have immediately brought to mind [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''mw ʿЗw'' “Great Waters,” A. Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar, 3rd ed. (Oxford, 1957), 199, n. 21, citing [[Zeitschrift für ägyptische sprache und altertumskunde 1863.|''ZÄS'']], 59 (1924), 47* (plate VIII,22), and Papyrus Boulaq xviii,4 – all vis à vis [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_ne/17/17#17 1 Nephi 17:17]; cf. Crum Coptic Dictionary 742a. or a likely precursor of Bohairic Coptic ''Fiyom Nhah'' “The Endless Sea (Red Sea)” [[Hugh W. Nibley|H. Nibley]], ''Lehi in the Desert'' (Deseret 1952) 89-90 = Collected Works of [[Hugh W. Nibley|Hugh Nibley]], V:78, citing W. Spiegelberg, ''Koptisches Handwörterbuch'', 204,258. [[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]] also suggests a comparison of Coptic ''irnahte'' “great, many” + ''yum'' “sea,” also on the same pages of [[Hugh W. Nibley, "Lehi in the Desert; The World of the Jaredites; There Were Jaredites." John W. Welch, Darrell L. Matthews, and Stephen R. Callister, eds. Collected Works of Hugh Nibley. 5. Salt Lake City/Provo: Deseret Book/FARMS, 1988.|''LID'']]; [[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]], ''Since Cumorah'', 1st ed., 195 = 2nd ed., 171; W. Westendorf, [[Wolfhart Westendorf, Koptisches Handwörterbuch. Heidelberg: C. Winter Universitätsverlag, 1965.|''KHw'']], 2nd ed., 49, 324, citing Towers, [[Journal of Near Eastern Studies|''JNES'']], 18:150-153, ''pЗ ym n šy-iЗrw'' (cf. Fayyum, and [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ex/23/31#31 Exodus 23:31], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/deut/1/1#1 Deuteronomy 1:1]). The [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] word for “many” ''rabbîm'' might likewise have brought to mind the numerical usage of that same [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] root in ''rĕbābâ'' “myriad, ten-thousand,” (as in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/24/60#60 Genesis 24:60], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/judg/20/10#10 Judges 20:10], [https://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/song/5.10?lang=eng#9 Song of Songs 5:10]), which in turn might also have conjured up the [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] numerical equivalent, ''tbʿ'' “finger; ten-thousand,” or possibly ''ʿnt(y)'' “fingernail; ten-thousand, many” – to judge from Schott’s reading of duplicate lines of Papyrus Louvre 3129, J, 57, and British Museum 10252, 11, 33, as “mouth of many waters” (''ʿanty-Wassers''), and “mouth of the Red Sea.” Siegfried Schott, ''Urkunden mythologischen Inhalts'' (Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1929), 128-129.<br />
<br />
Since cosmic “Many Waters” (''mayîm rabbîm'' = ''tĕhôm'' “Great Deep”) is the source of all rivers, seas, and lakes, another tack uses [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''itrw'', ''ir''(''w'') “Nile, river” (Coptic ''ior'', ''iaar'', ''eiero'', etc.; Akkadian Of interest also is Akkadian ''jarru'', ''ia-ar-ru'', “pond, pool” ([[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''CAD'']] 7:326, “I and J”). Note the double -''rr''-. [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''Yĕʾōr'' “Nile”([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/41/1-3#1 Genesis 41:1-3], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ex/2/3,5#3 Exodus 2:3,5], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ex/4/9#9 4:9]), Erman & Grapow, [[Adolf Erman, and Hermann Grapow, Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache. 5 vols. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1926-1931.|''Wb'']] I:146,10ff.; Crum, Coptic Dictionary 82; Erman [[Abbreviations|ZDMG]] 46:108; Lambdin [[Journal of the American Oriental Society|''JAOS'']] 73:151, all cited in [[Yoshiyuki Muchiki|Y. Muchiki]], ''Egyptian Proper Names and Loanwords in North-West Semitic'', [[Society of Biblical Literature|SBL]] Dissertation Series 173 (Atlanta: [[Society of Biblical Literature|SBL]], 1999), 247-248. which [[Hugh W. Nibley|H. Nibley]] long ago suggested may be part of the direct source of '''I<small>RREANTUM</small>'''. [[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]], ''Since Cumorah'' (Deseret 1967), lesson 6 end (p. 196) = Collected Works of [[Hugh W. Nibley|Hugh Nibley]], VII:171-172, citing M. Copisarow, [[Vetus Testamentum|''VT'']] 12 (1962), 1-13; ''Iaru'' “Red Sea” in J. Towers, [[Journal of Near Eastern Studies|''JNES'']], 18 (1959), 150-153; E. Zyhlarz, “Die Namen des roten Meeres im Spätägyptischen,” ''Archiv für ägyptische Archaeologie'', 1 (1938):111-116. Is this related to Late [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''irt'' “water”? Pianchi 102, in Erman & Grapow, [[Adolf Erman, and Hermann Grapow, Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache. 5 vols. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1926-1931.|''Wb'']] I,106,3. ([[Robert F. Smith|RFS]]) Probably not, because the otherwise unattested word ''irt'' appearing in the Piye stele appears to be scribal error for ''itrw''. See N.-C. Grimal, ''La stèle triomphale de Pi(ankh)y au Musée du Caire'' (Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale), 130-31. ([[John Gee|JG]])</ref> The phrase was interpreted by Siegfried Schott as the “mouth of ''ʿnty''-waters,"<ref>Siegfried Schott, ''Urkunden mythologischen Inhalts'' (Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1929), 67.</ref> with the dual of ''ʿnt'', “finger, ten thousand” (perhaps to be associated with the dual or plural of ''ḏbʿ''),<ref>Alan H. Gardiner, ''Egyptian Grammar,'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957), 456.</ref> which might be taken as the philological equivalent of the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''rb, rbb'', “myriad, ten thousand,” the highest number in [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] for which there is a word ([[Robert F. Smith|RFS]], “Egyptianisms”).<ref>Higher numbers must be expressed by combinations of lesser numbers. It is interesting to note that in the [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] sections of the Book of Mormon, the highest numbers expressed are in thousands. Only in the [[JAREDITES|J<small>AREDITE</small>]] section does the number “million” appear.</ref> <br />
<br />
This interpretation, however, does not work for three reasons: <br />
<br />
(1) The key sign which Schott (and Nibley) read as ''ʿnty'' others have read as ''ʿq3''.<ref>[[H. Gauthier|Henri Gauthier]], ''Dictionnaire des noms géographiques contenus dans les textes hiéroglyphiques'' (Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, 1925), 1:158; Altmann, ''Die Kultfrevel des Seth'', 123.</ref> Both readings are conjectural and the sign may read something else entirely.<br />
<br />
(2) The sign that [[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]] read as ''mw'' might not be read that way (see III 2). <br />
<br />
(3) The context of the papyrus also argues against such an interpretation. The passage itself reads (with the phrase in italics): "May the crocodile not grab the drowning one at ''the mouth of the Aqa-waters''"<ref>Schott, ''Urkunden mythologischen Inhalts'', 123; Altmann, ''Die Kultfrevel des Seth'', 123.</ref> So the context does not support this proposed etymology.([[John Gee|JG]])<br />
<br />
<br />
'''V''': [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]]<br />
<br />
[[Hugh W. Nibley]] also points out that “one of the more common [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] names for the Red Sea was Iaru.”<ref>[[Hugh W. Nibley]], ''Since Cumorah'' (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1969), 196 = [[Hugh W. Nibley]], ''Since Cumorah'', 2nd ed., Collected Works of [[Hugh W. Nibley|Hugh Nibley]] 6 (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1988), 171-72, citing J. R. Towers, "The Red Sea," [[Journal of Near Eastern Studies|''JNES'']] 18 (1959): 150-53.</ref> and that “antum” from ''iny-t'' and ''ʿnjt'' both describe large bodies of water. Also note that “many waters” is a typical [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] designation, e.g., Fayyum (< [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''p3 ym'' "the sea") ([[Hugh W. Nibley, Since Cumorah: The Book of Mormon in the Modern World. 1st ed. SLC: Deseret Book, 1967.; 2nd ed. CWHN 7. SLC: FARMS/Deseret, 1988.|''SC'']], 195.). The term ''i3rw'', however, is an [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] term for "reed".<ref>R. O. Faulkner, ''Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian'', 9.</ref> It usually appears in the phrase "Field of Reeds" which is a designation for a region of the sky south of the ecliptic.<ref>Rolf Krauss, ''Astronomische Konzepte und Jenseitsvorstellungen in den Pyramidentexten'' (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 1997).</ref><br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
[[Irreantum Variant|Irreaantum]]<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐆𐐡𐐀𐐈𐐤𐐓𐐊𐐣 (ɪriːæntʌm)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
'''Bibliography'''<br />
----<br />
[[Paul Y. Hoskisson]], with Brian Hauglid and [[John Gee]], “Irreantum,” ''Journal of Book of Mormon Studies'' 11,1 (2002): 90-93.<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite GN]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=IRREANTUM&diff=12021
IRREANTUM
2015-02-18T21:47:50Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite GN|Lehite GN]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|Sea, most likely off the Arabian coast, meaning “many waters” ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/17.5?lang=eng#4 1 Nephi 17:5])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
'''I<small>RREANTUM</small>''' is one of the few Book of Mormon names that is defined with a textual gloss in the Book of Mormon. This gloss signals that its meaning was not readily discernible to readers of the plates and was not in their language. A number of different etymologies have been proposed for '''I<small>RREANTUM</small>''', one Semitic and four [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]]. (The etymologies are more complex than usual, and so are numbered for convenience but are listed, as usual, from most preferred to least preferred.)<br />
<br />
'''I''': Semitic<br />
<br />
'''I<small>RREANTUM</small>''' may be composed of four elements: a prosthetic aleph, the root ''rwy'', the nominalizing affix ''-an'', and the root ''tmm''. Together, these four elements would yield the literal meaning, “abundant watering of completeness.” This meaning is an acceptable match with the translation given in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_ne/17/5#5 1 Nephi 17:5], “many waters.”<ref>The fact that [[NEPHI|N<small>EPHI</small>]] provides a translation of the transliterated name may indicate that some or all of the name may not have been completely transparent to native [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] speakers.</ref><br />
<br />
The root ''rwy'' is common to the West Semitic languages and has the general meaning “thorough watering, to water plentifully.”<ref>The root ''rwy'' appears in [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] and other North-west Semitic languages. For example, [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] has ''rwh'', which has the following meanings in its various verbal forms: Qal, to drink one’s fill, to be refreshed; Piel, to give to drink abundantly, water thoroughly; and Hifʿil, to water thoroughly. (See [[Ludwig Koehler]] and [[Walter Baumgartner]], ''The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament,'' CD-ROM version [Leiden: Brill], under ''rwh''.) In Ugaritic, the root occurs also in a personal name, ''bn rwy,'' but the meaning of the name is uncertain. (See [[Frauke Gröndahl|Frauke Gröndahl]], ''Die Personennamen der Texte aus Ugarit,'' Studia Pohl 1 [Rome: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum, 1967], 312.)<br />
In South Semitic languages, the area where the land of Bountiful is located, the root also appears. For example, in inscriptional Qatabanian, the root ''rwy'' means "irrigation system" ([[Stephen D. Ricks]], Lexicon of Inscriptional Qatabanian [Roma: Editrice Pontifico Istituto Biblico], 153). In Sabaic, ''yhrwy[n]'' means to "provide with irrigation," while ''rwym'' is a well, or watering place. (See [[Joan Biella|Joan Copeland Biella]], Dictionary of Old South Arabic: Sabean Dialect. Harvard Semitic Studies 25 [Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1982], 482.) Finally, in modern Arabic, the root ''rwy'' is associated with water for drinking and irrigation. See [[Edward W. Lane|Edward William Lane]], An Arabic-English Lexicon, 8 parts (Beirut, Lebanon: Librairie du Liban, 1980), 3:1194B1195.</ref> That '''I<small>RREANTUM</small>''' has a doubled /r/ does not present any problems. None of the West Semitic languages originally indicated in the orthography the doubling of consonants. (Akkadian, the East Semitic language group, did indicate on occasion the doubling of a consonant.) Not until more than a thousand years after the time of [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]] were diacritical marks introduced into written [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] and Arabic that indicated the doubling of a consonant. However, the pronunciation of doubled consonants in [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]]’s day is certain, both on the basis of comparative Semitics and because the doubling, which is phonemic in Semitic languages, shows up when doubling is marked. <br />
<br />
The /i/ that precedes the doubled /r/ is also easily explained as either a prosthetic aleph added to the name to break up a consonant cluster,<ref>Other instances of prosthetic aleph in [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] include ''ʾeṣbaʿ ʾarbaʿ'', and ''ʾezrôaʿ''. Spanish also prefixes a prosthetic vowel before the initial /st/ consonant cluster, e.g., ''Estefan'' instead of Stefan.</ref> or as the aleph of the South Semitic definite article ''il''. When the article is pronounced together with the noun that follows it, the /l/ assimilates to the following consonant, doubling it.<ref>As I will later point out, there seem to be reasons to believe that this name given to this place name may have been influenced by South Arabian, where it is located.</ref> Supporting this interpretation of the first two elements of '''I<small>RREANTUM</small>''' is the existence of a pre-Islamic city/village name ''ʾrwy'',<ref>G. Lankester Harding, ''An Index and Concordance of Pre-Islamic Arabian Names and Inscriptions'' (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1971), 38. (I have not yet been able to find the location of the town based on the information provided, partly because the [[Brigham Young University|BYU]] library does not have the relevant sources.) In addition, there are family, clan, and/or tribe names in pre-Islamic inscriptions, such as ''rwyn'' and ''rwym,'' containing the root ''rwy,'' which in the Arabic form ''rawiy'' means "abundant, well watered" (see Harding, 291). I thank my friend and colleague, Brian Hauglid, for drawing my attention to this entry in Lankester Harding.</ref> exactly what might be expected from the combination of a prosthetic aleph or an assimilated definite article and the root ''rwy''. The first part of '''I<small>RREANTUM</small>''' would then be ''*ʾrrȇ-<*ʾrrey-<*rwey-''.<br />
<br />
The element ''-ān'' is a common affix (a particle appended to a word) used in all the Semitic languages, including ancient South Semitic. It occurs especially in abstracts,<ref>[[Sabatino Moscati|Sabatino Moscati]] and others, ''An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages'' (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1969), 82, '12.21.</ref> meaning abstract nouns, similar to the use of the affix "-ship" in the English word "kingship." An abstraction from "watering" seems to fit the requirement here that '''I<small>RREANTUM</small>''' have something to do with "water."<ref>Some people may argue that the element as rendered here, cannot be a [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] form of the affix. Due to the so-called Canaanite shift in [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]], where other Semitic languages have an (accented) long /ā/, [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] and a few other North-west Semitic languages have a long /ō/. Thus, this common Semitic affix, ''-ān,'' became ''-ōn'' in [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]]. There are however examples of ''-ān'' remaining ''-ān'' in [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]], e.g., ''šulhān'', "table," and ''qorbān'', "offering" or "sacrifice." See [[Sabatino Moscati, et al. An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages. Sabatino Moscati, ed. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1969.|Moscati]], 82, '12.21. However, since the first part of '''I<small>RREANTUM</small>''' is attested as a place name in Arabia, and since '''I<small>RREANTUM</small>''' is most likely located on the southern coast of Arabia, it should not be surprising to find the regular South Semitic form of this affix and not the usual [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] form ''-ōn''.</ref><br />
<br />
The final element, ''tmm,'' could well be the common West Semitic root meaning “complete, whole; innocent, perfect;" etc. Both the noun form and the infinitive form in [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] are ''tōm'', which reverts to its earliest form, ''tūm'', when it is not stressed. Together with the first part of '''I<small>RREANTUM</small>''', the name would mean, somewhat literally, “abundant watering of completeness,” or “fully abundant waters.” That ''Irrean'' and ''tum'' are separate words would also explain why the /n/ does not assimilate to the following /t/, which always happens within a word of [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] origin, but not when the /n/ ends one word and the /t/ begins another.<br />
<br />
It is unlikely that the Akkadian city name ''URU a-ri-ia-an-ta'' in north-west Syria<ref>[[Michael C. Astour|Michael C. Astour]], “The Partition of the Confederacy of Mukiš-Nuhašše-Nii by Šuppiluliuma,” ''Orientalia'' 38 [1969] 410.</ref> is etymologically related to '''I<small>RREANTUM</small>'''. ([[Paul Y. Hoskisson|PYH]]) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''II''': [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]]<br />
<br />
The first of these etymologies is composed of several [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] elements: *''itrw-ʿ3-n-tm''. <br />
<br />
[[Robert F. Smith]] proposed that the ''irre-'' element might be related to [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''itrw'' which, though etymologically spelled with a ''t'' is known to have lost it in pronunciation by the Late Bronze Age being borrowed into [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] as ''ye'or'' and surviving in Coptic as ''eioor'' (Sahidic dialect), ''ioore'' (Akhmimic dialect), ''ior'' (Bohairic dialect), and ''iaar'' or ''iaal'' (Fayyumic dialect).<ref>W. E. Crum, ''A Coptic Dictionary'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1939), 82.</ref> It also occurs as part of the Akkadian term ''niaru'' "papyrus"<ref>[[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''CAD'']] N2:200-201.</ref> (from [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''n3-itrw'' "the things of the river"). The term means a "watercourse, river or canal."<ref>Adolf Erman and Hermann Grapow, [[Adolf Erman, and Hermann Grapow, Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache. 5 vols. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1926-1931.|''Wörterbuch der aegyptischen Sprache'']], 1:146; R. O. Faulkner, ''A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian'' (Oxford: Griffith Institute, 1962), 33; W. E. Crum, ''A Coptic Dictionary'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1939), 82.</ref> <br />
<br />
The second element ''ʿ3'' is the [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] word for "great"<ref>Erman and Grapow, ''Wörterbuch der aegyptischen Sprache'', 1:161-62; Faulkner, 'Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian', 37.</ref> surviving into Coptic as ''o'' (Sahidic and Bohairic dialects), ''ou'' (Sahidic dialect), ''au'' (Sahidic dialect), or ''a'' (Fayyumic dialect).<ref>Crum, ''Coptic Dictionary'', 253.</ref> <br />
<br />
Together the term ''itrw-ʿ3'' was the "name of one of the three main Delta Nile-arms,"<ref>[[Alan H. Gardiner|Alan H. Gardiner]], ''Ancient Egyptian Onomastica'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1947), 2:163*.</ref> and appeared in Neo-Assyrian as ''maru-ya-ru-ʻu-ú''.<ref>[[Hermann Ranke|H. Ranke]], ''Keilschriftliches Material zur altägyptischen Vokalisation'' (Berlin, 1910), 29, cited in [[Yoshiyuki Muchiki|Y. Muchiki]], ''Egyptian Proper Names and Loanwords in North-West Semitic'' (Atlanta: [[Society of Biblical Literature|SBL]], 1999), 248</ref> The term, surviving in Coptic as ''eiero'' (Sahidic dialect) and ''iaro'' (Bohairic dialect), also "signified the entire main course of the river" and "not only was the commonest designation of the Nile, but also was extended to other great rivers like the Euphrates and Danube."<ref>[[Alan H. Gardiner|Gardiner]], ''Ancient Egyptian Onomastica'', 2:163*</ref> The term could also refer to canals.<ref>[[Alan H. Gardiner|Gardiner]], ''Ancient Egyptian Onomastica'', 2:164-65*.</ref> <br />
<br />
The ''n'' is the genitive marker "of."<ref>Erman and Grapow, ''Wörterbuch der aegyptischen Sprache'', 2:196-97.</ref> <br />
<br />
The ''tm'' element means "perfect, complete."<ref>Erman and Grapow, ''Wörterbuch der aegyptischen Sprache'', 5:303-4.</ref> Together the elements would mean "great watercourse of all." ([[John Gee|JG]])<br />
<br />
This etymology, however, does not account for the doubled ''r'' and would we expect another vowel before the ''r''.<br />
<br />
<br />
Additional [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] etymologies:<br />
<br />
[[Hugh W. Nibley]] marked two different phrases in an execration ritual as possible [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] sources for the term '''I<small>RREANTUM</small>''' in marginalia penciled into the copy of the text that he read.<ref>[[Hugh W. Nibley|H. Nibley]] found this source over 40 years ago, and sent copies of it with a letter of explanation to [[Robert F. Smith]], Sept 25, 1968.</ref> This ritual is found in a pair of papyri: P. Louvre N 3129, and [[British Museum|BM]] [[El-Amarna Tablets|EA]] 10252.<ref>Siegfried Schott, ''Urkunden mythologischen Inhalts'' (Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1929), 1-3; Victoria Altmann, ''Die Kultfrevel des Seth: Die Gefährdung der göttlichen Ordnung in zwei Vernichtungsritualen der ägyptischen Spätzeit (Urk. VI)'' (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2010), 2-4.</ref> The British Museum version has the text along with a parallel interpretation in what has been termed proto-Demotic.<ref>Altmann, ''Die Kultfrevel des Seth'', 4.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
'''III''': [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]]<br />
<br />
The first of [[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]]'s possible suggestions for '''I<small>RREANTUM</small>''' was the phrase he transliterated (following the Egyptologist Siegfried Schott) ''iiry-ʿnḏtyw-mw'' which is the proto-Demotic translation of ''r-gs-ʿnḏtyw'' "beside the waters of Busiris.<ref>Schott, ''Urkunden mythologischen Inhalts'', 67.</ref> The sign for ''ʿnḏtyw'' is an official on a standard (variant of N74).<ref>The sign is not in Alan H. Gardiner, ''Egyptian Grammar'', 492, nor is it in Petra Vomberg and Orell Witthuhn, ''Hieroglyphenschlüssel'' (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2008), 244-45. It may be found in Christian Leitz, ''Quellentexte zur ägyptischen Religion I: Die Tempelinschriften der greichisch-römischen Zeit'' (Münster: LIT Verlag, 2004), 167 and in Rainer Hannig, ''Großes Handwörterbuch Ägyptisch-Deutsch (2800-950 v. Chr.)'' (Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern, 1995), 1151, 1321. It is the sign for the ninth Lower [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] nome.</ref> <br />
<br />
This interpretation, however, does not work for two reasons: <br />
<br />
(1) The sign that [[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]] read as ''mw'' (N35a),<ref>Gardiner, ''Egyptian Grammar'', 490; Vomberg and Witthuhn, ''Hieroglyphenschlüssel'', 240.</ref> is in fact the water determinative and not a pronounced element. [[Robert F. Smith]], however, points out that the water sign might represent [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] group-writing and may represent -''um''.<ref>[[James E. Hoch|James E. Hoch]], ''Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period'', §§52 (pp. 52-53), 304 (p. 221); Table 8, and page 508 (''mu3'').</ref> Group writing, however, is not otherwise used in the two papyri, nor expected in an [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] place name. <br />
<br />
(2) The context of the papyrus, moreover, argues against such an interpretation. The passage itself reads (with the phrase in italics): "O lord of the slaughter ''that is beside the water of Busiris'', who is over the water of the ocean, who extends the life of the chief of the palace, who lives and causes others to live, come that you may protect me from death today, and the terror and the coming of darkness because I am he who binds on heads and establishes necks, and who gives breath to the weary of heart."<ref>Siegfried Schott, ''Urkunden mythologischen Inhalts'' (Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1929), 67; translation in [[Paul Y. Hoskisson]], with Brian Hauglid and [[John Gee]], “Irreantum,” ''Journal of Book of Mormon Studies'' 11,1 (2002): 92-93.</ref> So neither the writing nor the context support this proposed etymology.([[John Gee|JG]])<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''IV''': [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]]<br />
<br />
The second of [[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]]'s suggestions is the phrase ''r3-ʿq3'' which is interpreted in proto-Demotic as ''r3-n-n-t3-[...]w-dšr''. [[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]], following Schott, read this as ''r3-ʿnty-mw''.<ref>In order to fully understand this, it must first be explained that the biblical [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] phrase for “Many Waters” is ''mayîm rabbîm'' ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ps/32/6#6 Psalms 32:6], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ps/69/2-3,14-15#2 69:2-3,14-15], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ps/93/4#4 93:4], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/job/27/20#20 Job 27:20], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/isa/17/12-13#12 Isaiah 17:12-13], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/jer/51/13#13 Jeremiah 51:13], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezek/19/10#10 Ezekiel 19:10], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezek/31/5,7#5 31:5,7], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezek/32/13#13 32:13]; ǁ”rivers” [https://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/song/8.7?lang=eng#6 Song of Songs 8:7]), which has a very significant meaning as the “Deep” (''tĕhôm'') source of rivers, seas, springs, etc. (cf. [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_ne/14/11#11 1 Nephi 14:11] [ǁ[http://scriptures.lds.org/en/rev/17/1#1 Revelation 17:1] ''hudatōn pollōn'' in a quotation from [[Septuaginta. Alfred Rahlfs, ed. 8th ed. Stuttgart: Württembergische Bibelanstalt, 1965.|LXX]] [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/jer/51/13#13 Jeremiah 51:13], referring to the waters of Babylon], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ps/18/16#16 Psalm 18:16] [[http://scriptures.lds.org/en/2_sam/22/17#17 2 Samuel 22:17]], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/jer/51/55#55 Jeremiah 51:55], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezek/31/15#15 Ezekiel 31:15], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezek/43/2#2 43:2], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/rev/1/15#15 Revelation 1:15], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/rev/14/2#2 14:2], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/rev/19/6#6 19:6]; “seas”ǁ”rivers” [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ps/98/7-8#7 Psalm 98:7-8]). The Indian Ocean area referred to in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_ne/17/5#5 1 Nephi 17:5] is elsewhere described variously as Aramaic ''yammaʾ śimmoqaʾ'' “the Red Sea” (including the Persian Gulf; cf. [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''smq'' “red”) = the Erythrean Sea/ ''erythran . . . thalassan'', as noted by Joseph Fitzmyer in his translation-commentary on The Genesis Apocryphon of Qumran Cave I Joseph A. Fitzmyer, ''The Genesis Apocryphon of Qumran Cave I: A Commentary'' (Rome 1966 /2nd ed., 1971), citing Josephus, ''Antiquities'', I,1,3 §39; Herodotus 1:180, 2:11,158, 4:42; Pliny, ''Natural History'' 6:28; Jubilees 8:21, 9:2, 1 Enoch 32:2, 77:7-9; 4QEnc frag 2:20; Berossus; and Xenophon. at 1QapGn 21:17-18 (cf. ''ymʾ rbʾ'' “Great Sea” at 16:12). This is also familiar from [[Septuaginta. Alfred Rahlfs, ed. 8th ed. Stuttgart: Württembergische Bibelanstalt, 1965.|LXX]] Greek ''erythra thalassa'' = Masoretic [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''yam sûp'' “Sea of Reeds.” Cf. J. T. Milik, ''Revue biblique'', 65 (1958), 71, also cited in Fitzmyer, ''The Genesis Apocryphon of Qumran Cave I: A Commentary'', . Since [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]] and [[NEPHI|N<small>EPHI</small>]] clearly knew [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] language ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_ne/1/2#2 1 Nephi 1:2]), perhaps [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] “Many Waters” would have immediately brought to mind [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''mw ʿЗw'' “Great Waters,” A. Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar, 3rd ed. (Oxford, 1957), 199, n. 21, citing [[Zeitschrift für ägyptische sprache und altertumskunde 1863.|''ZÄS'']], 59 (1924), 47* (plate VIII,22), and Papyrus Boulaq xviii,4 – all vis à vis [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_ne/17/17#17 1 Nephi 17:17]; cf. Crum Coptic Dictionary 742a. or a likely precursor of Bohairic Coptic ''Fiyom Nhah'' “The Endless Sea (Red Sea)” [[Hugh W. Nibley|H. Nibley]], ''Lehi in the Desert'' (Deseret 1952) 89-90 = Collected Works of [[Hugh W. Nibley|Hugh Nibley]], V:78, citing W. Spiegelberg, ''Koptisches Handwörterbuch'', 204,258. [[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]] also suggests a comparison of Coptic ''irnahte'' “great, many” + ''yum'' “sea,” also on the same pages of [[Hugh W. Nibley, "Lehi in the Desert; The World of the Jaredites; There Were Jaredites." John W. Welch, Darrell L. Matthews, and Stephen R. Callister, eds. Collected Works of Hugh Nibley. 5. Salt Lake City/Provo: Deseret Book/FARMS, 1988.|''LID'']]; [[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]], ''Since Cumorah'', 1st ed., 195 = 2nd ed., 171; W. Westendorf, [[Wolfhart Westendorf, Koptisches Handwörterbuch. Heidelberg: C. Winter Universitätsverlag, 1965.|''KHw'']], 2nd ed., 49, 324, citing Towers, [[Journal of Near Eastern Studies|''JNES'']], 18:150-153, ''pЗ ym n šy-iЗrw'' (cf. Fayyum, and [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ex/23/31#31 Exodus 23:31], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/deut/1/1#1 Deuteronomy 1:1]). The [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] word for “many” ''rabbîm'' might likewise have brought to mind the numerical usage of that same [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] root in ''rĕbābâ'' “myriad, ten-thousand,” (as in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/24/60#60 Genesis 24:60], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/judg/20/10#10 Judges 20:10], [https://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/song/5.10?lang=eng#9 Song of Songs 5:10]), which in turn might also have conjured up the [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] numerical equivalent, ''tbʿ'' “finger; ten-thousand,” or possibly ''ʿnt(y)'' “fingernail; ten-thousand, many” – to judge from Schott’s reading of duplicate lines of Papyrus Louvre 3129, J, 57, and British Museum 10252, 11, 33, as “mouth of many waters” (''ʿanty-Wassers''), and “mouth of the Red Sea.” Siegfried Schott, ''Urkunden mythologischen Inhalts'' (Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1929), 128-129.<br />
<br />
Since cosmic “Many Waters” (''mayîm rabbîm'' = ''tĕhôm'' “Great Deep”) is the source of all rivers, seas, and lakes, another tack uses [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''itrw'', ''ir''(''w'') “Nile, river” (Coptic ''ior'', ''iaar'', ''eiero'', etc.; Akkadian Of interest also is Akkadian ''jarru'', ''ia-ar-ru'', “pond, pool” ([[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''CAD'']] 7:326, “I and J”). Note the double -''rr''-. [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''Yĕʾōr'' “Nile”([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/41/1-3#1 Genesis 41:1-3], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ex/2/3,5#3 Exodus 2:3,5], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ex/4/9#9 4:9]), Erman & Grapow, [[Adolf Erman, and Hermann Grapow, Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache. 5 vols. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1926-1931.|''Wb'']] I:146,10ff.; Crum, Coptic Dictionary 82; Erman [[Abbreviations|ZDMG]] 46:108; Lambdin [[Journal of the American Oriental Society|''JAOS'']] 73:151, all cited in [[Yoshiyuki Muchiki|Y. Muchiki]], ''Egyptian Proper Names and Loanwords in North-West Semitic'', [[Society of Biblical Literature|SBL]] Dissertation Series 173 (Atlanta: [[Society of Biblical Literature|SBL]], 1999), 247-248. which [[Hugh W. Nibley|H. Nibley]] long ago suggested may be part of the direct source of '''I<small>RREANTUM</small>'''. [[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]], ''Since Cumorah'' (Deseret 1967), lesson 6 end (p. 196) = Collected Works of [[Hugh W. Nibley|Hugh Nibley]], VII:171-172, citing M. Copisarow, [[Vetus Testamentum|''VT'']] 12 (1962), 1-13; ''Iaru'' “Red Sea” in J. Towers, [[Journal of Near Eastern Studies|''JNES'']], 18 (1959), 150-153; E. Zyhlarz, “Die Namen des roten Meeres im Spätägyptischen,” ''Archiv für ägyptische Archaeologie'', 1 (1938):111-116. Is this related to Late [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''irt'' “water”? Pianchi 102, in Erman & Grapow, [[Adolf Erman, and Hermann Grapow, Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache. 5 vols. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1926-1931.|''Wb'']] I,106,3. ([[Robert F. Smith|RFS]]) Probably not, because the otherwise unattested word ''irt'' appearing in the Piye stele appears to be scribal error for ''itrw''. See N.-C. Grimal, ''La stèle triomphale de Pi(ankh)y au Musée du Caire'' (Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale), 130-31. ([[John Gee|JG]])</ref> The phrase was interpreted by Siegfried Schott as the “mouth of ''ʿnty''-waters,"<ref>Siegfried Schott, ''Urkunden mythologischen Inhalts'' (Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1929), 67.</ref> with the dual of ''ʿnt'', “finger, ten thousand” (perhaps to be associated with the dual or plural of ''ḏbʿ''),<ref>Alan H. Gardiner, ''Egyptian Grammar,'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957), 456.</ref> which might be taken as the philological equivalent of the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''rb, rbb'', “myriad, ten thousand,” the highest number in [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] for which there is a word ([[Robert F. Smith|RFS]], “Egyptianisms”).<ref>Higher numbers must be expressed by combinations of lesser numbers. It is interesting to note that in the [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] sections of the Book of Mormon, the highest numbers expressed are in thousands. Only in the [[JAREDITES|J<small>AREDITE</small>]] section does the number “million” appear.</ref> <br />
<br />
This interpretation, however, does not work for three reasons: <br />
<br />
(1) The key sign which Schott (and Nibley) read as ''ʿnty'' others have read as ''ʿq3''.<ref>[[H. Gauthier|Henri Gauthier]], ''Dictionnaire des noms géographiques contenus dans les textes hiéroglyphiques'' (Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, 1925), 1:158; Altmann, ''Die Kultfrevel des Seth'', 123.</ref> Both readings are conjectural and the sign may read something else entirely.<br />
<br />
(2) The sign that [[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]] read as ''mw'' might not be read that way (see III 2). <br />
<br />
(3) The context of the papyrus also argues against such an interpretation. The passage itself reads (with the phrase in italics): "May the crocodile not grab the drowning one at ''the mouth of the Aqa-waters''"<ref>Schott, ''Urkunden mythologischen Inhalts'', 123; Altmann, ''Die Kultfrevel des Seth'', 123.</ref> So the context does not support this proposed etymology.([[John Gee|JG]])<br />
<br />
<br />
'''V''': [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]]<br />
<br />
[[Hugh W. Nibley]] also points out that “one of the more common [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] names for the Red Sea was Iaru.”<ref>[[Hugh W. Nibley]], ''Since Cumorah'' (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1969), 196 = [[Hugh W. Nibley]], ''Since Cumorah'', 2nd ed., Collected Works of [[Hugh W. Nibley|Hugh Nibley]] 6 (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1988), 171-72, citing J. R. Towers, "The Red Sea," [[Journal of Near Eastern Studies|''JNES'']] 18 (1959): 150-53.</ref> and that “antum” from ''iny-t'' and ''ʿnjt'' both describe large bodies of water. Also note that “many waters” is a typical [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] designation, e.g., Fayyum (< [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''p3 ym'' "the sea") ([[Hugh W. Nibley, Since Cumorah: The Book of Mormon in the Modern World. 1st ed. SLC: Deseret Book, 1967.; 2nd ed. CWHN 7. SLC: FARMS/Deseret, 1988.|''SC'']], 195.). The term ''i3rw'', however, is an [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] term for "reed".<ref>R. O. Faulkner, ''Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian'', 9.</ref> It usually appears in the phrase "Field of Reeds" which is a designation for a region of the sky south of the ecliptic.<ref>Rolf Krauss, ''Astronomische Konzepte und Jenseitsvorstellungen in den Pyramidentexten'' (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 1997).</ref><br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
[[Irreantum Variant|Irreaantum]]<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐆𐐡𐐀𐐈𐐤𐐓𐐊𐐣 (ɪriːæntʌm)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
'''Bibliography'''<br />
----<br />
[[Paul Y. Hoskisson]], with Brian Hauglid and [[John Gee]], “Irreantum,” ''Journal of Book of Mormon Studies'' 11,1 (2002): 90-93.<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite GN]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=LIB&diff=12020
LIB
2015-02-15T00:12:40Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Jaredite PN|Jaredite PN]]'''<br />
|1. <br />
|King ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/ether/1.17,%2018?lang=eng#16 Ether 1:17, 18]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/ether/10.18,%2019,%2029?lang=eng#17 10:18, 19 (x3), 29])<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|2. <br />
|Usurper ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/ether/14.10,%2011,%2012,%2013,%2014,%2015,%2016,%2017?lang=eng#9 Ether 14:10 (x2), 11 (x2), 12 (x3), 13, 14, 15 (x2), 16 (x3), 17])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
Until a possible language origin for [[JAREDITES|J<small>AREDITE</small>]] can be determined, all suggestions for etymologies of [[JAREDITES|J<small>AREDITE</small>]] names must remain more speculative than substantive.<br />
<br />
Sumerian lib "(to be) rich, well-off; high quality; (to be) happy" = Akkadian ''hadû'', ''hidiātu'', ''râšu'', ''rāšû'', ''rīšātu''.<ref>e''Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary''.</ref><br />
<br />
Akkadian ''libbu'', ''lib-bi'' “heart, center” (loanword in Sumerian lib "inner body; heart")<ref>[[Abbreviations|e''PSD'']].</ref> = Ugaritic ''lb'', [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''lēb'', ''lēbāb''.<ref>[[Hayim ben Yosef Tawil|Hayim ben Yosef Tawil]]. ''Akkadian Lexical Companion'', (Jersey City: [[(Jewish Publisher)|KTAV]], 2009): 177-184; Patrick R. Bennett, ''Comparative Semitic Linguistics: A Manual'' (Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1998), 238-239.</ref><br />
<br />
Sumerian lib "dazed silence, (deathly) silence; (to be) dazed" = Akkadian ''šaqummatu'';<br />
Cf. Sumerian lib<sub>4</sub> “agitate,” and lib<sub>4</sub>-lib<sub>4</sub> "plunderer."<ref>[[Abbreviations|e''PSD'']].</ref><br />
<br />
See [[RIPLAKISH|R<small>IPLAKISH</small>]], [[RIPLIANCUM|R<small>IPLIANCUM</small>]], [[RIPLAH|R<small>IPLAH</small>]]<br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐢𐐆𐐒 (lɪb)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;"> [[Robert F. Smith|RFS]] </div><br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Jaredite PN]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=LIMHI&diff=12018
LIMHI
2015-02-12T19:18:29Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite PN|Lehtie PN]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|King of [[LEHI-NEPHI|L<small>EHI-NEPHI</small>]], son of [[NOAH|N<small>OAH</small>]], 4th c. BC ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/7.9,%2014,%2016,%2017?lang=eng#8 Mosiah 7:9, 14, 16, 17]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/8.1,%203,%204?lang=eng#primary 8:1, 3, 4]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/19.16,%2017,%2026,%2027,%2028,%2029?lang=eng#15 19:16, 17 (x2), 26, 27, 28, 29]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/20.6,%207,%208,%209,%2011,%2013,%2014,%2016,%2023,%2025,%2026?lang=eng#5 20:6 (x2), 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14 (x2), 16, 23, 25, 26]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/21.1,%203,%209,%2011,%2017,%2018,%2022,%2025,%2028,%2032,%2033,%2036?lang=eng#primary 21:1, 3, 9, 11, 17, 18, 22, 25, 28, 32, 33, 36]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/22.1,%202,%2010,%2011,%2014,%2015?lang=eng#primary 22:1, 2, 10 (x2), 11, 14, 15]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/23.30?lang=eng#29 23:30]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/25.16,%2017?lang=eng#15 25:16, 17]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/28.11?lang=eng#10 28:11 (x2)]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/1.8?lang=eng#7 Alma 1:8]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/5.21?lang=eng#20 Helaman 5:21]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/ether/1.2?lang=eng#1 Ether 1:2]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/ether/15.33?lang=eng#32 15:33])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
The structure of '''L<small>IMHI</small>''' seems to follow the well-established pattern of [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]], [[NEPHI|N<small>EPHI</small>]], [[OMNI|O<small>MNI</small>]], and the biblical [[Personal Name|PN]] Zimri, etc. This would suggest an etymology based on a root *''lmh'', *''lmḥ'' or *''lmḫ''. However, no such roots appear in [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]]. Nevertheless, a gentilic from a root ''lmh'' has been suggested ([[John A. Tvedtnes|JAT]]). Also, based on the pattern of Zimri, “my help/my strength," '''L<small>IMHI</small>''' might mean “my ''lmh''.”<br />
The element ''lim'' could be related to several Semitic words. In Ugaritic ''lim'' is a cognate with [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''lĕʾom'', and both mean “people/nation.” Together with the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] word for “alive; live,” ''ḥay'', '''L<small>IMHI</small>''' might be etymologized as “the people live,” that is, “the people are preserved alive.” ([[Robert F. Smith|RFS]])<br />
<br />
The element ''lim'' also occurs in Amorite [[Personal Name|PN]]s of the Bronze Age, perhaps the most prominent being the king of Mari, Zimri-Lim. If, as the consensus affirms, ''lim'' is an Amorite theophoric element,<ref>[[Herbert B. Huffmon]], ''Amorite Names in the Mari Texts'' (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1965), 226.</ref> then perhaps by syncretism with [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] Yahweh, it could be used as such among the Lehites. Thus, when the theophoric element ''lim'' is combined with [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ḥay'', “live; life,” '''L<small>IMHI</small>''' could mean, “Lim makes life,” or perhaps, “Lim has preserved life.” <br />
<br />
In Akkadian, ''lim/līmu'' means “1,000” (which may be related to [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''lĕʾom'', “people"<ref> [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch'']] 1:553b.</ref>) and is used as a shorted form of “thousand gods” that appear in Syro-Hittite treaties and Ugaritic texts.<ref>[[Herbert B. Huffmon|Huffmon]], 226.</ref> But Akkadian ''līmu'' and its Ugaritic cognate ''lim'' do not seem to be helpful in explaining Lehite names ([[Jo Ann Hackett|JH]]).<br />
An etymology based on ''lmk'' such as the biblical [[Personal Name|PN]] Lamech is unlikely. While it is true that under certain conditions, the Masoretic pronunciation of ''k'' is spirantized, thus allowing for a transcribed /h/, it would not be spirantized in '''L<small>IMHI</small>''', even if the Lehites held to the much later Masoretic pronunciation conventions.<br />
Other etymologies might be sought in other North-west Semitic, East Semitic, and South Semitic languages, and possibly in [[EGYPTIAN(S)|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]].<br />
Cf. Book of Mormon [[LIMHER|L<small>IMHER</small>]], [[LIMHAH|L<small>IMHAH</small>]], [[LIMNAH|L<small>IMNAH</small>]], and possibly [[LAMAH|L<small>AMAH</small>]].<ref>The brother names [[MAHAH|M<small>AHAH</small>]] and [[ORIHAH|O<small>RIHAH</small>]] are not included in this list because they are exclusively [[JAREDITES|J<small>AREDITE</small>]] names attested only in [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/ether/6.14?lang=eng#13 Ether 6:14], while all the names above are attested exclusively in [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]]/Mulekite contexts. On the other hand, all the [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] names ending in -''hah'' only appear in the [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] record after the [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITES</small>]] could have theoretically come in contact with [[JAREDITES|J<small>AREDITE</small>]] names.</ref><br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐢𐐆𐐣𐐐𐐌 (lɪmhaɪ)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite PN]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=LIMNAH&diff=12017
LIMNAH
2015-02-12T19:16:38Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite noun|Lehite noun]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|Largest [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] gold-measure, equivalent in value to one silver [[ONTI(ES)|O<small>NTI(ES)</small>]] ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/11.5,10?lang=eng#4 Alma 11:5,10]).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
Since the Book of Mormon was apparently written in [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] script, and since the phonemes ''l'', ''n'', and ''r'' frequently interchange among [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] & [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] cognates <br />
and loanwords,<ref>[[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''n''(''i'') “of,” ''n'' “to, for” > Dem. ''n'' > Coptic ''n'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''l''-, ''ʾel'' (Arab. l-); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''iyr'', “stag; doe”> Dem. ''1ywr'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ʾayîl''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] (''s'')''#r'', ''i#r'', <br />
''#ry'' “(cause) to ascend, mount up”; ''#rtyw'' “they who ascend” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] (''he'')''ʿelā'', ''ʿôlîm'' (Arab. ''ʿalāʾ'', Assyr. ''elû''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''#gn'' “calf” > Copt. ''aol'' (Gk. αγολ) <br />
= [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ʿēgel''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''#grt'' “wagon, cart” > Dem. ''#klt'' > Copt. ''aolte'', ''akolte'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ʿagālā'' (Arab. ''ʿajala''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''fnḫ'' “split”; ''png'' “detach” > Dem. <br />
''plk'', ''pnq'' > Copt. ''pols'', ''ple'' , ''pre'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''pillēg'' (Arab. ''falaja''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''pr'' “bean; fava bean” > Copt. ''phel'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''pôl'' (Arab. f©l); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''mrḥw'', <br />
''mrḥm'' “salt” > Copt. ''moulh'', ''malh'', ''mlah'', ''merh'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''melaḥ''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''mktr'' “tower” > Copt. ''metol'', ''miktwl'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''migdol'' (Gk. µς(∗Τ8≅<, Arab. <br />
''mjdūl''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''ns'' “tongue; language” > Dem. ls > Copt. ''las'', ''les'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''lašôn'' (Arab. ''lisān'', Akkad. ''liš∼nu''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''nšm''(''t'') “green felspar” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] <br />
''lešem'' “precious stone”; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''rhbw'' “heat of fire” > Dem. ''lhb'' > Copt. ''lhwb'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''lāhab'' (Arab. ''lahab''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''ḥsmn'' “bronze” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]]''ḥašmal'', ''ḥašman''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''ḫnmt'' “reddish jasper” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ʾaḥlāmā''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''snm'' “locust” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''sālʿām''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''q1rt'', ''qrit'' “bolt, padlock” > Dem. ''ql1t'' > <br />
Copt. ''kele'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''kēlēʿ''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''qrr'' “burnt-offering”> Dem. ''gll'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''kālîl''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''qrt'' “vessel” > Copt. ''alaht'', ''kalaht'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''qallaḥat'' <br />
“cauldron”; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''knm'' “wrap up, a garment” > Dem. ''glmlm'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''gālam''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''grt'', ''grgy''(''t'') “kidney” > Copt. ''alwt'', ''looe'', ''loote'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''kelîyôt'' “kidneys” (Ug. ''klyt''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''d1rt'' “bitter gourd” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ṣeʿēl''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''d1rt'' “a fruit” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ṣeʿelîm'' “bough” ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/job/40/21#21 Job 40:21] – Humbert, ZAW, 62 [1950], 206); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''bnti'' > ''blti'' > Coptic ''bilti'' “thigh.”</ref> we may possibly have here a variant pronunciation of [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''nimnā'' “be counted, numbered, reckoned, assigned” ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/isa/53/12#12 Isaiah 53:12]; [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/mosiah/14/12#12 Mosiah 14:12]),<ref>[[Ludwig Koehler|Ludwig Köhler]]-[[Walter Baumgartner|Walter Baumgartner]], [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament'']], II:599; [[F. Brown, S. Driver, and C. Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1907 /1968.|''BDB'']], 584; cf. [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/13/16#16 Genesis 13:16] ''limnôt . . . yîmmāne''; [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_kgs/3/8#8 1 Kings 3:8] ''yîmmāne 2yîssāper''; 8:5 ''yîmmānû''; [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/eccl/1/15#15 Ecclesiastes 1:15] ''lehimmānôt''; in nominal form as [[Geographical Name|GN]] Timnā “Portion, Territory” ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/38/12-14#12 Genesis 38:12-14], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/josh/15/10,57#10 Joshua 15:10,57], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/josh/19/43#43 19:43], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/judg/14/1,2,5#1 Judges 14:1,2,5], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/2_chr/28/18#18 2 Chronicles 28:18]) = <br />
[[Septuaginta. Alfred Rahlfs, ed. 8th ed. Stuttgart: Württembergische Bibelanstalt, 1965.|LXX]] 1∀µ<∀. Indeed, since both [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] and [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''n-'' are also nominal prefixes (Gardiner, ''Egyptian Grammar'', 3rd ed., § 276; [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']], II:656), it is also <br />
possible that this was assumed to be its proper form and meaning by the time of King [[MOSIAH|M<small>OSIAH</small>]] II.</ref> <br />
a niphal verbal form of [[King James Version|KJV]] ''maneh'' ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezek/45/12#12 Ezekiel 45:12], capitalized as “Maneh” in 1611 [[King James Version|KJV]]), the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] weight-measure ''māne'' (translated “pounds” at [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_kgs/10/17#17 1 Kings 10:17], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezra/2/69#69 Ezra 2:69], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/neh/7/70-72#70 Nehemiah 7:70–72]) = Ugaritic ''mn'', ''mana'', Arabic ''mny'', ''mnw'', Old South Arabic ''mnw'', and Akkadian ''manû'', transliterated in ancient [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] as ''man-nu2'' <br />
“mina weight.”<ref>Hoch, Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts, #162 (p. 127): Dyn. 19/20; cites [[William F. Albright|Albright]], [[William F. Albright, The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography. AOS 5. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1934/ reprint Millwood, N.Y., 1974.|''The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography'']], IX.C.2 (citing Burchardt 452).</ref> Some Akkadian verbal forms of ''manû'' are very similar to '''L<small>IMNAH</small>'''<ref>Cf. the verbal precative forms in Akkadian, ''limnu'', ''limnanni'', ''limannu'', “may he count”; W. von Soden, [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|''AHw'']], 604, cited in [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Staff, “Weights and Measures in the Time of Mosiah II,” Preliminary Report [[FARMS Staff|STF]]-83; [[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''CAD'']], “L” 10:219-221.</ref> – from the same root as the general ancient Near Eastern mina-weight <br />
(''manum''/ MA.NA, ca. 500 gm in ancient Mesopotamian usage), which ranged from 40 to 60 times the weight of a sheqel (varying from 11.4 gm among the Classical <br />
[[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]],<ref>Note the 400-sheqel (=8 mina) weight of 4,565 gm found at Tell Beit Mirsim by [[William F. Albright|Albright]] (8th century B.C., Iron II, stratum A – cited in "The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim, III: The Iron Age." ''[[Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research|AASOR]]'', 21-22:76-78, plate 57 dil), which is very close to the 4,780 gm basalt weight found near Taanach, which N. Avigad and R. B. Y. Scott likewise interpret in light of [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/23/16#16 Genesis 23:16] as a standard 400-sheqel weight (E. Stern, “Weights and Measures,” Encyclopaedia Judaica, 16:382-383,387-388, citing Scott, [[Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research|''BASOR'']], 32:35).</ref> to the 8.4 ''gm'' [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''qdt'' or Canaanite sheqel<ref>Gurney, The Hittites, 68; this would be in line with the 22 sheqel pair of pure gold earrings from Ramesses II to the Queen of Ḫatti = 8 ⅓ gm Canaanite sheqel (or [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''qdt'') weight – Christine Lilyquist, “The Objects Mentioned in the Texts,” in Royal Gifts in the Late Bronze Age Fourteenth to Thirteenth Centuries B.C.E.: Selected Texts Recording Gifts to Royal Personages, Beer-Sheva, XIII:218.</ref>). The mina-weight also appears twice in Aramaic as ''mene''- in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/dan/5/25-28#25 Daniel 5:25-28], where it is placed <br />
poetically with the weights sheqel and peres, and is part of the prophetic punning and rhyme scheme there.<ref>“Bible Dictionary,” in “Appendix” to The Holy Bible ([[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints/Intellectual Reserve, 1979), 731 ([https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bd/mene-mene-tekel-upharsin?lang=eng&letter=m mene mene tekel upharsin]).</ref><br />
<br />
[[George Reynolds|Reynolds]] & [[Janne M. Sjodahl|Sjodahl]] suggested that prepositional [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''l-'' (lamed) had been prefixed to nominal ''māne'', thus meaning something like “for a maneh,”<ref>[[George Reynolds|Reynolds]] & [[Janne M. Sjodahl|Sjodahl]], [[George Reynolds and Janne M. Sjodahl, Commentary on the Book of Mormon. P. C. Reynolds, ed. 7 vols. SLC: Deseret Book, 1955–1961.|''Commentary on the Book of Mormon'']], 282.</ref> or “according <br />
to a maneh,”<ref>[[Ludwig Koehler|Köhler]]-[[Walter Baumgartner|Baumgartner]], [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']], II:509:20, thus dividing a whole into its parts, as in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/1/11,25#11 Genesis 1:11,25], ''lemînô'', ''lemînā'' “according to its kind,” or [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/num/4/29#29 Numbers 4:29], “according to their families,” etc.</ref> or “concerning a maneh”<ref>[[Ludwig Koehler|Köhler]]-[[Walter Baumgartner|Baumgartner]], [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']], II:510:25, in inscriptions and titles, as in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezek/37/16#16 Ezekiel 37:16] “For Judah [''lÎhûdā''], and for the children of Israel his companions; . . . , For Joseph [''leYôsēp''], the stick of Ephraim,” or [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/isa/8/1 Isaiah 8:1], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/2_ne/18/1#1 2 Nephi 18:1] “concerning Maher-shalal-hash-baz.”</ref> That has also been done in many instances in the Bible, e.g., ''laMenî'' “for Meni (god of fate),” and ''laGad'' “for Gad (god of <br />
good fortune),” both in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/isa/65/11#11 Isaiah 65:11], and identified as such in the footnotes of the [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS]] Bible.<ref>The Holy Bible (1979), 939 n. 11ab.</ref> One might also define the lamed in this case as a “lamed of <br />
specification or reference.”<ref>T. Muraoka, “Emphasis in Biblical Hebrew,” 92, as in the list in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/2_chr/5/12#12 2 Chronicles 5:12], and in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/prov/25/3#3 Proverbs 25:3]. Or with the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] emphatic or vocative lamed prefixed, as in Ugaritic ''l'', and Akkadian ''l''©, ''li'', ''la'', meaning “namely,” as in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ps/135/11-12#11 Psalm 135:11-12] ''leSîḥôn . . . leʿÔg'' “namely Siḥon and Og” ([[Ludwig Koehler|Köhler]]-[[Walter Baumgartner|Baumgartner]], [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']], II:510-11; von Soden, [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|''AHw'']], 559b; Dahood distinguishes between vocative and emphatic in [[Journal from the Pontifical Biblical Institute, PBI, Rome.|Biblica]], 47:407).</ref> As Paul Hosskison has suggested, something like this is surely intended by the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''lmlk''-seals (two- and four-winged) found on the <br />
large storage jars placed in strategic Judaean fortresses by King Hezekiah in defensive preparation for a likely [[ASSYRIAN|A<small>SSYRIAN</small>]] invasion. ''Lemelek'' means “royal; belonging to <br />
the king.”<ref>[[David Ussishkin]], “The Destruction of Lachish by Sennacherib and the Dating of the Royal Judean Storage Jars,” Tel Aviv, 4 (1977):28-60.</ref> Nearly all of these [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] prepositional forms and meanings have a close analog in cognate [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] prepositions, ''r-'' and ''n-''.<ref>Gardiner, ''Egyptian Grammar'', 3rd ed., §§ 86B, 100, 158, 178, 180C, 181D, 262, 379:2.</ref><br />
<br />
The weight/value of the sheqel, qdt, and [[LEAH|L<small>EAH</small>]] (here as 1/56th mina = '''L<small>IMNAH'''</small>) are well matched<ref>The Classical [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]] simply equated the qdt-weight with their sheqel, and marked them with Hieratic numerals of a type fixed already in the 9th or 10th centuries at the latest.</ref> – despite the way in which a normative [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] might have dealt <br />
with this issue, since we are not dealing with [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIANS</small>]], but with a derivative system in [[ISRAEL|I<small>SRAEL</small>]] and [[JUDAH|J<small>UDAH</small>]],<ref>See S. Wimmer, Palästinisches Hieratisch, Ägypten und Altes Testament 75.</ref> and then later among the [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITES</small>]] under King [[MOSIAH|M<small>OSIAH</small>]] II. <br />
Pricing and relative value is all-important here, i.e., metals or their equivalents being weighed out in payment for grain, or vice-versa. The ratio and proportion is the <br />
thing, the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]] being free to adapt earlier systems to their own needs without hindrance from any formal [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] practice.<br />
<br />
As a practical matter, this meant that, in the eighth & seventh centuries B.C. (probably earlier), the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]] redefined the [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Hieratic decimal numerals 5, 10, <br />
20, 30, and 40, as 4, 8, 16, 24, and 32, on their sheqel weights, i.e., they used the [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Hieratic numerals but reinterpreted them – while retaining the same <br />
proportions. Below the 8-sheqel weight were the fractional weights, 1, 2, and 4 (also in Hieratic), obtained by halving, and above the 8-sheqel level each weight was <br />
enlarged by 8. As Bill Dever notes, the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]] “basic module” here was the 8-sheqel weight = 1 [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] diban (= 10 qdt/kite).<ref>W. Dever in P. Achtemeier, ed., ''Harper's Bible Dictionary'', 1128-1129, and Tables B & C (at the same time, the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]] had altered the Mesopotamiansexagesimal system to their own overall quinquagesimal system); M. Powell in Freedman, ed., Anchor Bible Dictionary, VI:906-907, presents deviations from these norms, but the exceptions effectively prove the rule.</ref> The proportional sequence for <br />
each system may be correlated and displayed as follows:<ref>Cf. [[John W. Welch]] in [[Journal of Book of Mormon Studies|''JBMS'']], 8/2 (1999):36-46; [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]] in [[Donald W. Parry|Parry]], [[Daniel C. Peterson|Peterson]], and [[John W. Welch|Welch]], eds., Echoes and Evidences of the Book of Mormon, 348-350, citing J. B. Pritchard, ed., [[James B. Pritchard, ed. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. 3rd ed. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1969.|''ANET'']], 3rd ed., 161; and [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]], “The Laws of Eshnunna and Nephite Economics,” [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Update #121, Insights (Dec 1998):2, reprinted in [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]] & [[Melvin J. Thorne]], eds., Pressing Forward with the Book of Mormon, 147-149.</ref><br />
<br />
(original table)<br />
[[EGYPT)|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70<br />
[[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]] 1 2 4 8 16 24 32 40 48 56<br />
[[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] ⅛ ¼ ½ 1 1½ 2 4 7<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|Egyptian <br />
|<br />
|1 <br />
|2 <br />
|5 <br />
|10<br />
| <br />
|20 <br />
|30 <br />
|40 <br />
|50 <br />
|60 <br />
|70<br />
|-<br />
|Israelite <br />
|<br />
|1 <br />
|2 <br />
|4 <br />
|8<br />
| <br />
|16 <br />
|24 <br />
|32 <br />
|40 <br />
|48 <br />
|56<br />
|-<br />
|Nephite <br />
|⅛ <br />
|¼ <br />
|½ <br />
|1 <br />
|1½ <br />
|2<br />
| <br />
|4 <br />
|<br />
| <br />
|7<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In other words, the [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] system was virtually the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]]-[[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] system, with only a few changes – mostly in nomenclature.<ref>P. Rytting, “Mosiah2,”in [[Daniel H. Ludlow|D. Ludlow]], ed., Encyclopedia of Mormonism, II:960; reprinted in [[Daniel H. Ludlow|Ludlow]], [[Kent S. Brown|Brown]], and [[John W. Welch|Welch]], eds., To All the World, 190; cf. [[John Gee]] in [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Review of Books, 5 (1993):180.</ref> The Bible never gives a hint of the <br />
use of [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Hieratic on [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]] weights, and, even as recently as forty years ago, most scholars were unaware that professional, [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]]-speaking [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]] scribes <br />
wrote the Hieratic found at Tel Arad VII, at Kadesh-Barnea,<ref>Rainey, “The Saga of Eliashib,” ''Biblical Archaeology Review'', 13/2 (Mar-Apr 1987):37,39.</ref> and in the Samaria Ostraca.<ref>Ivan Kaufman, “Samaria Ostraca,” in D. Freedman, ed., [[David Freedman, ed. Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, 1992.|''ABD'']], V:923.</ref><br />
<br />
See [[ANTION|A<small>NTION</small>]], [[SENINE|S<small>ENINE</small>]], [[SEON|S<small>EON</small>]], [[SHUM|S<small>HUM</small>]].<br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐢𐐆𐐣𐐤𐐂 (lɪmnɑː)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
'''Bibliography'''<br />
----<br />
[[David Freedman, ed. Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, 1992.|''ABD'']] = David Noel Freedman, ed., ''Anchor Bible Dictionary'', 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, <br />
1992.<br />
<br />
[[William F. Albright|Albright, William F.]] The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography, [[American Oriental Society|AOS]] 5. New<br />
Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1934. [[William F. Albright, The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography. AOS 5. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1934/ reprint Millwood, N.Y., 1974.|''VESO'']]<br />
<br />
[[William F. Albright|Albright, William F.]] The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim, III: The Iron Age, ''[[Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research|AASOR]]'' 21–22.<br />
New Haven: American Schools of Oriental Research, 1943.<br />
<br />
[[F. Brown, S. Driver, and C. Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1907 /1968.|''BDB'']] = Brown, Francis, S. R. Driver, and Charles Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English<br />
Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907/1959. [[F. Brown, S. Driver, and C. Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1907 /1968.|''BDB'']].<br />
<br />
[[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''CAD'']] = Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the<br />
Univ. of Chicago (Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956– ).<br />
<br />
Dever, William G. “Weights and Measures,” ''Harper’s Bible Dictionary'', [[Society of Biblical Literature|SBL]], ed. P. J.<br />
Achtemeier, 1126–1131, and Tables. S.F.: HarperSanFrancisco, 1985).<br />
<br />
[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Staff. “Weights and Measures in the Time of Mosiah II,” [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Preliminary<br />
Report [[FARMS Staff|STF]]-83. Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 1983.<br />
<br />
Gardiner, Alan H. ''Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs'',<br />
3rd ed. Oxford: Griffith Institute, Ashmolean Museum, 1957.<br />
<br />
Gurney, O. R. The Hittites, rev. ed. Penguin, 1990.<br />
<br />
Hoch, James E. Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate<br />
Period. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1994.<br />
<br />
Kaufman, Ivan T. “Samaria Ostraca,” in D. Freedman, ed., [[David Freedman, ed. Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, 1992.|''ABD'']], V:921–926.<br />
<br />
[[Ludwig Koehler|Koehler, Ludwig]], and [[Walter Baumgartner]]. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old<br />
Testament, 5 vols., revised by [[Walter Baumgartner|W. Baumgartner]] & Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']]<br />
<br />
Lilyquist, Christine. “The Objects Mentioned in the Texts,” in Royal Gifts in the Late<br />
Bronze Age Fourteenth to Thirteenth Centuries B.C.E.: Selected Texts Recording Gifts to Royal Personages, Beer-Sheva, XIII. Beer-Sheva: Ben Gurion <br />
Univ. of the Negev Press, 1999.<br />
<br />
[[Daniel H. Ludlow|Ludlow, Daniel H.]], [[Kent S. Brown|S. Kent Brown]], and [[John W. Welch]], eds. To All the World. Provo:<br />
[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2000.<br />
<br />
Muraoka, Takamitsu. “Emphasis in Biblical Hebrew,” doctoral thesis. Jerusalem:<br />
Hebrew University in Jerusalem, 1969.<br />
<br />
[[Donald W. Parry|Parry, Donald]], [[Daniel C. Peterson|Daniel Peterson]], and [[John W. Welch]], eds. Echoes and Evidences. Provo:<br />
[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2002.<br />
<br />
Powell, Marvin A., Jr. “Weights & Measures,” Anchor Bible Dictionary, 6 vols., ed. D. N.<br />
Freedman, VI:897–908. Doubleday, 1992.<br />
<br />
Rainey, Anson F. “The Saga of Eliashib,” ''Biblical Archaeology Review'', 13/2 (Mar–Apr <br />
1987):37,39.<br />
<br />
[[George Reynolds|Reynolds, George]], and [[Janne M. Sjodahl]], Commentary on the Book of Mormon, 7 vols.,<br />
P. C. Reynolds, ed. [[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: Deseret Book, 1955–1961. [[George Reynolds and Janne M. Sjodahl, Commentary on the Book of Mormon. P. C. Reynolds, ed. 7 vols. SLC: Deseret Book, 1955–1961.|''CBM'']]<br />
<br />
Rytting, Paul. “Mosiah2,” Encyclopedia of Mormonism, 5 vols., ed. [[Daniel H. Ludlow|Daniel Ludlow]], II:960–<br />
961. N.Y.: Macmillan, 1992 = reprinted in To All the World, ed. [[Daniel H. Ludlow|D. H. Ludlow]], [[Kent S. Brown|S. K. Brown]], and [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]], 189–190. Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2000.<br />
<br />
Stern, Ephraim. “Weights and Measures,” Encyclopaedia Judaica, 1st ed., ed. C. Roth,<br />
16:376–388. Jerusalem: Carta/ N.Y.: Macmillan, 1972.<br />
<br />
The Holy Bible. “Appendix: Bible Dictionary,” 599–793. [[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: Church of Jesus Christ of<br />
Latter-day Saints/Intellectual Reserve, 1979.<br />
<br />
[[David Ussishkin|Ussishkin, David]]. “The Destruction of Lachish by Sennacherib and the Dating of the<br />
Royal Judean Storage Jars,” Tel Aviv, 4 (1977):28–60.<br />
<br />
Von Soden, W. ''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch'', 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–<br />
1981. [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|AHw]]<br />
<br />
[[John W. Welch|Welch, John W.]] “The Laws of Eshnunna and Nephite Economics,” [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Update<br />
#121, Insights (Dec 1998):2.<br />
<br />
[[John W. Welch|Welch, John W.]], and [[Melvin J. Thorne]], eds. Pressing Forward with the Book of Mormon.<br />
Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 1999.<br />
<br />
[[John W. Welch|Welch, John W.]] “A Steady Stream of Significant Recognitions,” Echoes and Evidences of<br />
the Book of Mormon, eds. [[Donald W. Parry|D. W. Parry]], [[Daniel C. Peterson|D. C. Peterson]], and [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]], 331–387. Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2002.<br />
<br />
Wimmer, Stefan. Palästinisches Hieratisch: Die Zahl- und Sonderzeichen in der alt-<br />
hebräischen Schrift. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2008.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">[[Robert F. Smith|RFS]]</div><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite noun]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=LIMNAH&diff=12016
LIMNAH
2015-02-12T19:16:00Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite noun|Lehite noun]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|Largest [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] gold-measure, equivalent in value to one silver [[ONTI(ES)|O<small>NTI(ES)</small>]] ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/11.5,10?lang=eng#4 Alma 11:5,10]).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
Since the Book of Mormon was apparently written in [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] script, and since the phonemes ''l'', ''n'', and ''r'' frequently interchange among [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] & [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] cognates <br />
and loanwords,<ref>[[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''n''(''i'') “of,” ''n'' “to, for” > Dem. ''n'' > Coptic ''n'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''l''-, ''ʾel'' (Arab. l-); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''iyr'', “stag; doe”> Dem. ''1ywr'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ʾayîl''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] (''s'')''#r'', ''i#r'', <br />
''#ry'' “(cause) to ascend, mount up”; ''#rtyw'' “they who ascend” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] (''he'')''ʿelā'', ''ʿôlîm'' (Arab. ''ʿalāʾ'', Assyr. ''elû''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''#gn'' “calf” > Copt. ''aol'' (Gk. αγολ) <br />
= [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ʿēgel''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''#grt'' “wagon, cart” > Dem. ''#klt'' > Copt. ''aolte'', ''akolte'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ʿagālā'' (Arab. ''ʿajala''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''fnḫ'' “split”; ''png'' “detach” > Dem. <br />
''plk'', ''pnq'' > Copt. ''pols'', ''ple'' , ''pre'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''pillēg'' (Arab. ''falaja''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''pr'' “bean; fava bean” > Copt. ''phel'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''pôl'' (Arab. f©l); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''mrḥw'', <br />
''mrḥm'' “salt” > Copt. ''moulh'', ''malh'', ''mlah'', ''merh'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''melaḥ''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''mktr'' “tower” > Copt. ''metol'', ''miktwl'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''migdol'' (Gk. µς(∗Τ8≅<, Arab. <br />
''mjdūl''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''ns'' “tongue; language” > Dem. ls > Copt. ''las'', ''les'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''lašôn'' (Arab. ''lisān'', Akkad. ''liš∼nu''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''nšm''(''t'') “green felspar” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] <br />
''lešem'' “precious stone”; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''rhbw'' “heat of fire” > Dem. ''lhb'' > Copt. ''lhwb'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''lāhab'' (Arab. ''lahab''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''ḥsmn'' “bronze” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]]''ḥašmal'', ''ḥašman''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''ḫnmt'' “reddish jasper” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ʾaḥlāmā''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''snm'' “locust” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''sālʿām''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''q1rt'', ''qrit'' “bolt, padlock” > Dem. ''ql1t'' > <br />
Copt. ''kele'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''kēlēʿ''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''qrr'' “burnt-offering”> Dem. ''gll'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''kālîl''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''qrt'' “vessel” > Copt. ''alaht'', ''kalaht'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''qallaḥat'' <br />
“cauldron”; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''knm'' “wrap up, a garment” > Dem. ''glmlm'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''gālam''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''grt'', ''grgy''(''t'') “kidney” > Copt. ''alwt'', ''looe'', ''loote'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''kelîyôt'' “kidneys” (Ug. ''klyt''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''d1rt'' “bitter gourd” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ṣeʿēl''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''d1rt'' “a fruit” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ṣeʿelîm'' “bough” ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/job/40/21#21 Job 40:21] – Humbert, ZAW, 62 [1950], 206); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''bnti'' > ''blti'' > Coptic ''bilti'' “thigh.”</ref> we may possibly have here a variant pronunciation of [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''nimnā'' “be counted, numbered, reckoned, assigned” ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/isa/53/12#12 Isaiah 53:12]; [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/mosiah/14/12#12 Mosiah 14:12]),<ref>[[Ludwig Koehler|Ludwig Köhler]]-[[Walter Baumgartner|Walter Baumgartner]], [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament'']], II:599; [[F. Brown, S. Driver, and C. Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1907 /1968.|''BDB'']], 584; cf. [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/13/16#16 Genesis 13:16] ''limnôt . . . yîmmāne''; [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_kgs/3/8#8 1 Kings 3:8] ''yîmmāne 2yîssāper''; 8:5 ''yîmmānû''; [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/eccl/1/15#15 Ecclesiastes 1:15] ''lehimmānôt''; in nominal form as [[Geographical Name|GN]] Timnā “Portion, Territory” ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/38/12-14#12 Genesis 38:12-14], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/josh/15/10,57#10 Joshua 15:10,57], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/josh/19/43#43 19:43], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/judg/14/1,2,5#1 Judges 14:1,2,5], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/2_chr/28/18#18 2 Chronicles 28:18]) = <br />
[[Septuaginta. Alfred Rahlfs, ed. 8th ed. Stuttgart: Württembergische Bibelanstalt, 1965.|LXX]] 1∀µ<∀. Indeed, since both [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] and [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''n-'' are also nominal prefixes (Gardiner, ''Egyptian Grammar'', 3rd ed., § 276; [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']], II:656), it is also <br />
possible that this was assumed to be its proper form and meaning by the time of King [[MOSIAH|M<small>OSIAH</small>]] II.</ref> <br />
a niphal verbal form of [[King James Version|KJV]] ''maneh'' ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezek/45/12#12 Ezekiel 45:12], capitalized as “Maneh” in 1611 [[King James Version|KJV]]), the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] weight-measure ''māne'' (translated “pounds” at [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_kgs/10/17#17 1 Kings 10:17], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezra/2/69#69 Ezra 2:69], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/neh/7/70-72#70 Nehemiah 7:70–72]) = Ugaritic ''mn'', ''mana'', Arabic ''mny'', ''mnw'', Old South Arabic ''mnw'', and Akkadian ''manû'', transliterated in ancient [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] as ''man-nu2'' <br />
“mina weight.”<ref>Hoch, Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts, #162 (p. 127): Dyn. 19/20; cites [[William F. Albright|Albright]], [[William F. Albright, The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography. AOS 5. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1934/ reprint Millwood, N.Y., 1974.|''The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography'']], IX.C.2 (citing Burchardt 452).</ref> Some Akkadian verbal forms of ''manû'' are very similar to '''L<small>IMNAH</small>'''<ref>Cf. the verbal precative forms in Akkadian, ''limnu'', ''limnanni'', ''limannu'', “may he count”; W. von Soden, [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|''AHw'']], 604, cited in [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Staff, “Weights and Measures in the Time of Mosiah II,” Preliminary Report [[FARMS Staff|STF]]-83; [[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''CAD'']], “L” 10:219-221.</ref> – from the same root as the general ancient Near Eastern mina-weight <br />
(''manum''/ MA.NA, ca. 500 gm in ancient Mesopotamian usage), which ranged from 40 to 60 times the weight of a sheqel (varying from 11.4 gm among the Classical <br />
[[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]],<ref>Note the 400-sheqel (=8 mina) weight of 4,565 gm found at Tell Beit Mirsim by [[William F. Albright|Albright]] (8th century B.C., Iron II, stratum A – cited in "The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim, III: The Iron Age." ''[[Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research|AASOR]]'', 21-22:76-78, plate 57 dil), which is very close to the 4,780 gm basalt weight found near Taanach, which N. Avigad and R. B. Y. Scott likewise interpret in light of [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/23/16#16 Genesis 23:16] as a standard 400-sheqel weight (E. Stern, “Weights and Measures,” Encyclopaedia Judaica, 16:382-383,387-388, citing Scott, [[Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research|''BASOR'']], 32:35).</ref> to the 8.4 ''gm'' [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''qdt'' or Canaanite sheqel<ref>Gurney, The Hittites, 68; this would be in line with the 22 sheqel pair of pure gold earrings from Ramesses II to the Queen of Ḫatti = 8 ⅓ gm Canaanite sheqel (or [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''qdt'') weight – Christine Lilyquist, “The Objects Mentioned in the Texts,” in Royal Gifts in the Late Bronze Age Fourteenth to Thirteenth Centuries B.C.E.: Selected Texts Recording Gifts to Royal Personages, Beer-Sheva, XIII:218.</ref>). The mina-weight also appears twice in Aramaic as ''mene''- in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/dan/5/25-28#25 Daniel 5:25-28], where it is placed <br />
poetically with the weights sheqel and peres, and is part of the prophetic punning and rhyme scheme there.<ref>“Bible Dictionary,” in “Appendix” to The Holy Bible ([[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints/Intellectual Reserve, 1979), 731 ([https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bd/mene-mene-tekel-upharsin?lang=eng&letter=m mene mene tekel upharsin]).</ref><br />
<br />
[[George Reynolds|Reynolds]] & [[Janne M. Sjodahl|Sjodahl]] suggested that prepositional [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''l-'' (lamed) had been prefixed to nominal ''māne'', thus meaning something like “for a maneh,”<ref>[[George Reynolds|Reynolds]] & [[Janne M. Sjodahl|Sjodahl]], [[George Reynolds and Janne M. Sjodahl, Commentary on the Book of Mormon. P. C. Reynolds, ed. 7 vols. SLC: Deseret Book, 1955–1961.|''Commentary on the Book of Mormon'']], 282.</ref> or “according <br />
to a maneh,”<ref>[[Ludwig Koehler|Köhler]]-[[Walter Baumgartner|Baumgartner]], [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']], II:509:20, thus dividing a whole into its parts, as in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/1/11,25#11 Genesis 1:11,25], ''lemînô'', ''lemînā'' “according to its kind,” or [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/num/4/29#29 Numbers 4:29], “according to their families,” etc.</ref> or “concerning a maneh”<ref>[[Ludwig Koehler|Köhler]]-[[Walter Baumgartner|Baumgartner]], [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']], II:510:25, in inscriptions and titles, as in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezek/37/16#16 Ezekiel 37:16] “For Judah [''lÎhûdā''], and for the children of Israel his companions; . . . , For Joseph [''leYôsēp''], the stick of Ephraim,” or [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/isa/8/1 Isaiah 8:1], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/2_ne/18/1#1 2 Nephi 18:1] “concerning Maher-shalal-hash-baz.”</ref> That has also been done in many instances in the Bible, e.g., ''laMenî'' “for Meni (god of fate),” and ''laGad'' “for Gad (god of <br />
good fortune),” both in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/isa/65/11#11 Isaiah 65:11], and identified as such in the footnotes of the [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS]] Bible.<ref>The Holy Bible (1979), 939 n. 11ab.</ref> One might also define the lamed in this case as a “lamed of <br />
specification or reference.”<ref>T. Muraoka, “Emphasis in Biblical Hebrew,” 92, as in the list in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/2_chr/5/12#12 2 Chronicles 5:12], and in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/prov/25/3#3 Proverbs 25:3]. Or with the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] emphatic or vocative lamed prefixed, as in Ugaritic ''l'', and Akkadian ''l''©, ''li'', ''la'', meaning “namely,” as in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ps/135/11-12#11 Psalm 135:11-12] ''leSîḥôn . . . leʿÔg'' “namely Siḥon and Og” ([[Ludwig Koehler|Köhler]]-[[Walter Baumgartner|Baumgartner]], [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']], II:510-11; von Soden, [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|''AHw'']], 559b; Dahood distinguishes between vocative and emphatic in [[Journal from the Pontifical Biblical Institute, PBI, Rome.|Biblica]], 47:407).</ref> As Paul Hosskison has suggested, something like this is surely intended by the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''lmlk''-seals (two- and four-winged) found on the <br />
large storage jars placed in strategic Judaean fortresses by King Hezekiah in defensive preparation for a likely [[ASSYRIAN|A<small>SSYRIAN</small>]] invasion. ''Lemelek'' means “royal; belonging to <br />
the king.”<ref>[[David Ussishkin]], “The Destruction of Lachish by Sennacherib and the Dating of the Royal Judean Storage Jars,” Tel Aviv, 4 (1977):28-60.</ref> Nearly all of these [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] prepositional forms and meanings have a close analog in cognate [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] prepositions, ''r-'' and ''n-''.<ref>Gardiner, ''Egyptian Grammar'', 3rd ed., §§ 86B, 100, 158, 178, 180C, 181D, 262, 379:2.</ref><br />
<br />
The weight/value of the sheqel, qdt, and [[LEAH|L<small>EAH</small>]] (here as 1/56th mina = '''L<small>IMNAH'''</small>) are well matched<ref>The Classical [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]] simply equated the qdt-weight with their sheqel, and marked them with Hieratic numerals of a type fixed already in the 9th or 10th centuries at the latest.</ref> – despite the way in which a normative [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] might have dealt <br />
with this issue, since we are not dealing with [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIANS</small>]], but with a derivative system in [[ISRAEL|I<small>SRAEL</small>]] and [[JUDAH|J<small>UDAH</small>]],<ref>See S. Wimmer, Palästinisches Hieratisch, Ägypten und Altes Testament 75.</ref> and then later among the [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITES</small>]] under King [[MOSIAH|M<small>OSIAH</small>]] II. <br />
Pricing and relative value is all-important here, i.e., metals or their equivalents being weighed out in payment for grain, or vice-versa. The ratio and proportion is the <br />
thing, the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]] being free to adapt earlier systems to their own needs without hindrance from any formal [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] practice.<br />
<br />
As a practical matter, this meant that, in the eighth & seventh centuries B.C. (probably earlier), the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]] redefined the [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Hieratic decimal numerals 5, 10, <br />
20, 30, and 40, as 4, 8, 16, 24, and 32, on their sheqel weights, i.e., they used the [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Hieratic numerals but reinterpreted them – while retaining the same <br />
proportions. Below the 8-sheqel weight were the fractional weights, 1, 2, and 4 (also in Hieratic), obtained by halving, and above the 8-sheqel level each weight was <br />
enlarged by 8. As Bill Dever notes, the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]] “basic module” here was the 8-sheqel weight = 1 [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] diban (= 10 qdt/kite).<ref>W. Dever in P. Achtemeier, ed., ''Harper's Bible Dictionary'', 1128-1129, and Tables B & C (at the same time, the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]] had altered the Mesopotamiansexagesimal system to their own overall quinquagesimal system); M. Powell in Freedman, ed., Anchor Bible Dictionary, VI:906-907, presents deviations from these norms, but the exceptions effectively prove the rule.</ref> The proportional sequence for <br />
each system may be correlated and displayed as follows:<ref>Cf. [[John W. Welch]] in [[Journal of Book of Mormon Studies|''JBMS'']], 8/2 (1999):36-46; [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]] in [[Donald W. Parry|Parry]], [[Daniel C. Peterson|Peterson]], and [[John W. Welch|Welch]], eds., Echoes and Evidences of the Book of Mormon, 348-350, citing J. B. Pritchard, ed., [[James B. Pritchard, ed. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. 3rd ed. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1969.|''ANET'']], 3rd ed., 161; and [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]], “The Laws of Eshnunna and Nephite Economics,” [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Update #121, Insights (Dec 1998):2, reprinted in [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]] & [[Melvin J. Thorne]], eds., Pressing Forward with the Book of Mormon, 147-149.</ref><br />
<br />
(original table)<br />
[[EGYPT)|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70<br />
[[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]] 1 2 4 8 16 24 32 40 48 56<br />
[[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] ⅛ ¼ ½ 1 1½ 2 4 7<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|Egyptian <br />
|<br />
|1 <br />
|2 <br />
|5 <br />
|10<br />
| <br />
|20 <br />
|30 <br />
|40 <br />
|50 <br />
|60 <br />
|70<br />
|-<br />
|Israelite <br />
|<br />
|1 <br />
|2 <br />
|4 <br />
|8<br />
| <br />
|16 <br />
|24 <br />
|32 <br />
|40 <br />
|48 <br />
|56<br />
|-<br />
|Nephite <br />
|⅛ <br />
|¼ <br />
|½ <br />
|1 <br />
|1½ <br />
|2<br />
| <br />
|4 <br />
|<br />
| <br />
|7<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In other words, the [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] system was virtually the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]]-[[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] system, with only a few changes – mostly in nomenclature.<ref>P. Rytting, “Mosiah2,”in [[Daniel H. Ludlow|D. Ludlow]], ed., Encyclopedia of Mormonism, II:960; reprinted in [[Daniel H. Ludlow|Ludlow]], [[Kent S. Brown|Brown]], and [[John W. Welch|Welch]], eds., To All the World, 190; cf. [[John Gee]] in [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Review of Books, 5 (1993):180.</ref> The Bible never gives a hint of the <br />
use of [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Hieratic on [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]] weights, and, even as recently as forty years ago, most scholars were unaware that professional, [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]]-speaking [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]] scribes <br />
wrote the Hieratic found at Tel Arad VII, at Kadesh-Barnea,<ref>Rainey, “The Saga of Eliashib,” Biblical Archaeology Review, 13/2 (Mar-Apr 1987):37,39.</ref> and in the Samaria Ostraca.<ref>Ivan Kaufman, “Samaria Ostraca,” in D. Freedman, ed., [[David Freedman, ed. Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, 1992.|''ABD'']], V:923.</ref><br />
<br />
See [[ANTION|A<small>NTION</small>]], [[SENINE|S<small>ENINE</small>]], [[SEON|S<small>EON</small>]], [[SHUM|S<small>HUM</small>]].<br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐢𐐆𐐣𐐤𐐂 (lɪmnɑː)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
'''Bibliography'''<br />
----<br />
[[David Freedman, ed. Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, 1992.|''ABD'']] = David Noel Freedman, ed., ''Anchor Bible Dictionary'', 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, <br />
1992.<br />
<br />
[[William F. Albright|Albright, William F.]] The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography, [[American Oriental Society|AOS]] 5. New<br />
Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1934. [[William F. Albright, The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography. AOS 5. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1934/ reprint Millwood, N.Y., 1974.|''VESO'']]<br />
<br />
[[William F. Albright|Albright, William F.]] The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim, III: The Iron Age, ''[[Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research|AASOR]]'' 21–22.<br />
New Haven: American Schools of Oriental Research, 1943.<br />
<br />
[[F. Brown, S. Driver, and C. Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1907 /1968.|''BDB'']] = Brown, Francis, S. R. Driver, and Charles Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English<br />
Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907/1959. [[F. Brown, S. Driver, and C. Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1907 /1968.|''BDB'']].<br />
<br />
[[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''CAD'']] = Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the<br />
Univ. of Chicago (Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956– ).<br />
<br />
Dever, William G. “Weights and Measures,” ''Harper’s Bible Dictionary'', [[Society of Biblical Literature|SBL]], ed. P. J.<br />
Achtemeier, 1126–1131, and Tables. S.F.: HarperSanFrancisco, 1985).<br />
<br />
[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Staff. “Weights and Measures in the Time of Mosiah II,” [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Preliminary<br />
Report [[FARMS Staff|STF]]-83. Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 1983.<br />
<br />
Gardiner, Alan H. ''Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs'',<br />
3rd ed. Oxford: Griffith Institute, Ashmolean Museum, 1957.<br />
<br />
Gurney, O. R. The Hittites, rev. ed. Penguin, 1990.<br />
<br />
Hoch, James E. Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate<br />
Period. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1994.<br />
<br />
Kaufman, Ivan T. “Samaria Ostraca,” in D. Freedman, ed., [[David Freedman, ed. Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, 1992.|''ABD'']], V:921–926.<br />
<br />
[[Ludwig Koehler|Koehler, Ludwig]], and [[Walter Baumgartner]]. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old<br />
Testament, 5 vols., revised by [[Walter Baumgartner|W. Baumgartner]] & Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']]<br />
<br />
Lilyquist, Christine. “The Objects Mentioned in the Texts,” in Royal Gifts in the Late<br />
Bronze Age Fourteenth to Thirteenth Centuries B.C.E.: Selected Texts Recording Gifts to Royal Personages, Beer-Sheva, XIII. Beer-Sheva: Ben Gurion <br />
Univ. of the Negev Press, 1999.<br />
<br />
[[Daniel H. Ludlow|Ludlow, Daniel H.]], [[Kent S. Brown|S. Kent Brown]], and [[John W. Welch]], eds. To All the World. Provo:<br />
[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2000.<br />
<br />
Muraoka, Takamitsu. “Emphasis in Biblical Hebrew,” doctoral thesis. Jerusalem:<br />
Hebrew University in Jerusalem, 1969.<br />
<br />
[[Donald W. Parry|Parry, Donald]], [[Daniel C. Peterson|Daniel Peterson]], and [[John W. Welch]], eds. Echoes and Evidences. Provo:<br />
[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2002.<br />
<br />
Powell, Marvin A., Jr. “Weights & Measures,” Anchor Bible Dictionary, 6 vols., ed. D. N.<br />
Freedman, VI:897–908. Doubleday, 1992.<br />
<br />
Rainey, Anson F. “The Saga of Eliashib,” Biblical Archaeology Review, 13/2 (Mar–Apr <br />
1987):37,39.<br />
<br />
[[George Reynolds|Reynolds, George]], and [[Janne M. Sjodahl]], Commentary on the Book of Mormon, 7 vols.,<br />
P. C. Reynolds, ed. [[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: Deseret Book, 1955–1961. [[George Reynolds and Janne M. Sjodahl, Commentary on the Book of Mormon. P. C. Reynolds, ed. 7 vols. SLC: Deseret Book, 1955–1961.|''CBM'']]<br />
<br />
Rytting, Paul. “Mosiah2,” Encyclopedia of Mormonism, 5 vols., ed. [[Daniel H. Ludlow|Daniel Ludlow]], II:960–<br />
961. N.Y.: Macmillan, 1992 = reprinted in To All the World, ed. [[Daniel H. Ludlow|D. H. Ludlow]], [[Kent S. Brown|S. K. Brown]], and [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]], 189–190. Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2000.<br />
<br />
Stern, Ephraim. “Weights and Measures,” Encyclopaedia Judaica, 1st ed., ed. C. Roth,<br />
16:376–388. Jerusalem: Carta/ N.Y.: Macmillan, 1972.<br />
<br />
The Holy Bible. “Appendix: Bible Dictionary,” 599–793. [[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: Church of Jesus Christ of<br />
Latter-day Saints/Intellectual Reserve, 1979.<br />
<br />
[[David Ussishkin|Ussishkin, David]]. “The Destruction of Lachish by Sennacherib and the Dating of the<br />
Royal Judean Storage Jars,” Tel Aviv, 4 (1977):28–60.<br />
<br />
Von Soden, W. ''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch'', 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–<br />
1981. [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|AHw]]<br />
<br />
[[John W. Welch|Welch, John W.]] “The Laws of Eshnunna and Nephite Economics,” [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Update<br />
#121, Insights (Dec 1998):2.<br />
<br />
[[John W. Welch|Welch, John W.]], and [[Melvin J. Thorne]], eds. Pressing Forward with the Book of Mormon.<br />
Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 1999.<br />
<br />
[[John W. Welch|Welch, John W.]] “A Steady Stream of Significant Recognitions,” Echoes and Evidences of<br />
the Book of Mormon, eds. [[Donald W. Parry|D. W. Parry]], [[Daniel C. Peterson|D. C. Peterson]], and [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]], 331–387. Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2002.<br />
<br />
Wimmer, Stefan. Palästinisches Hieratisch: Die Zahl- und Sonderzeichen in der alt-<br />
hebräischen Schrift. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2008.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">[[Robert F. Smith|RFS]]</div><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite noun]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=LIMNAH&diff=12014
LIMNAH
2015-02-11T20:45:22Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite noun|Lehite noun]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|Largest [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] gold-measure, equivalent in value to one silver [[ONTI(ES)|O<small>NTI(ES)</small>]] ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/11.5,10?lang=eng#4 Alma 11:5,10]).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
Since the Book of Mormon was apparently written in [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] script, and since the phonemes ''l'', ''n'', and ''r'' frequently interchange among [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] & [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] cognates <br />
and loanwords,<ref>[[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''n''(''i'') “of,” ''n'' “to, for” > Dem. ''n'' > Coptic ''n'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''l''-, ''ʾel'' (Arab. l-); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''iyr'', “stag; doe”> Dem. ''1ywr'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ʾayîl''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] (''s'')''#r'', ''i#r'', <br />
''#ry'' “(cause) to ascend, mount up”; ''#rtyw'' “they who ascend” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] (''he'')''ʿelā'', ''ʿôlîm'' (Arab. ''ʿalāʾ'', Assyr. ''elû''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''#gn'' “calf” > Copt. ''aol'' (Gk. αγολ) <br />
= [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ʿēgel''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''#grt'' “wagon, cart” > Dem. ''#klt'' > Copt. ''aolte'', ''akolte'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ʿagālā'' (Arab. ''ʿajala''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''fnḫ'' “split”; ''png'' “detach” > Dem. <br />
''plk'', ''pnq'' > Copt. ''pols'', ''ple'' , ''pre'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''pillēg'' (Arab. ''falaja''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''pr'' “bean; fava bean” > Copt. ''phel'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''pôl'' (Arab. f©l); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''mrḥw'', <br />
''mrḥm'' “salt” > Copt. ''moulh'', ''malh'', ''mlah'', ''merh'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''melaḥ''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''mktr'' “tower” > Copt. ''metol'', ''miktwl'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''migdol'' (Gk. µς(∗Τ8≅<, Arab. <br />
''mjdūl''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''ns'' “tongue; language” > Dem. ls > Copt. ''las'', ''les'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''lašôn'' (Arab. ''lisān'', Akkad. ''liš∼nu''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''nšm''(''t'') “green felspar” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] <br />
''lešem'' “precious stone”; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''rhbw'' “heat of fire” > Dem. ''lhb'' > Copt. ''lhwb'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''lāhab'' (Arab. ''lahab''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''ḥsmn'' “bronze” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]]''ḥašmal'', ''ḥašman''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''ḫnmt'' “reddish jasper” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ʾaḥlāmā''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''snm'' “locust” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''sālʿām''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''q1rt'', ''qrit'' “bolt, padlock” > Dem. ''ql1t'' > <br />
Copt. ''kele'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''kēlēʿ''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''qrr'' “burnt-offering”> Dem. ''gll'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''kālîl''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''qrt'' “vessel” > Copt. ''alaht'', ''kalaht'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''qallaḥat'' <br />
“cauldron”; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''knm'' “wrap up, a garment” > Dem. ''glmlm'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''gālam''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''grt'', ''grgy''(''t'') “kidney” > Copt. ''alwt'', ''looe'', ''loote'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''kelîyôt'' “kidneys” (Ug. ''klyt''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''d1rt'' “bitter gourd” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ṣeʿēl''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''d1rt'' “a fruit” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ṣeʿelîm'' “bough” ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/job/40/21#21 Job 40:21] – Humbert, ZAW, 62 [1950], 206); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''bnti'' > ''blti'' > Coptic ''bilti'' “thigh.”</ref> we may possibly have here a variant pronunciation of [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''nimnā'' “be counted, numbered, reckoned, assigned” ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/isa/53/12#12 Isaiah 53:12]; [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/mosiah/14/12#12 Mosiah 14:12]),<ref>[[Ludwig Koehler|Ludwig Köhler]]-[[Walter Baumgartner|Walter Baumgartner]], [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament'']], II:599; [[F. Brown, S. Driver, and C. Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1907 /1968.|''BDB'']], 584; cf. [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/13/16#16 Genesis 13:16] ''limnôt . . . yîmmāne''; [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_kgs/3/8#8 1 Kings 3:8] ''yîmmāne 2yîssāper''; 8:5 ''yîmmānû''; [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/eccl/1/15#15 Ecclesiastes 1:15] ''lehimmānôt''; in nominal form as [[Geographical Name|GN]] Timnā “Portion, Territory” ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/38/12-14#12 Genesis 38:12-14], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/josh/15/10,57#10 Joshua 15:10,57], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/josh/19/43#43 19:43], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/judg/14/1,2,5#1 Judges 14:1,2,5], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/2_chr/28/18#18 2 Chronicles 28:18]) = <br />
[[Septuaginta. Alfred Rahlfs, ed. 8th ed. Stuttgart: Württembergische Bibelanstalt, 1965.|LXX]] 1∀µ<∀. Indeed, since both [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] and [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''n-'' are also nominal prefixes (Gardiner, ''Egyptian Grammar'', 3rd ed., § 276; [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']], II:656), it is also <br />
possible that this was assumed to be its proper form and meaning by the time of King [[MOSIAH|M<small>OSIAH</small>]] II.</ref> <br />
a niphal verbal form of [[King James Version|KJV]] ''maneh'' ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezek/45/12#12 Ezekiel 45:12], capitalized as “Maneh” in 1611 [[King James Version|KJV]]), the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] weight-measure ''māne'' (translated “pounds” at [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_kgs/10/17#17 1 Kings 10:17], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezra/2/69#69 Ezra 2:69], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/neh/7/70-72#70 Nehemiah 7:70–72]) = Ugaritic ''mn'', ''mana'', Arabic ''mny'', ''mnw'', Old South Arabic ''mnw'', and Akkadian ''manû'', transliterated in ancient [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] as ''man-nu2'' <br />
“mina weight.”<ref>Hoch, Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts, #162 (p. 127): Dyn. 19/20; cites [[William F. Albright|Albright]], [[William F. Albright, The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography. AOS 5. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1934/ reprint Millwood, N.Y., 1974.|''The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography'']], IX.C.2 (citing Burchardt 452).</ref> Some Akkadian verbal forms of ''manû'' are very similar to '''L<small>IMNAH</small>'''<ref>Cf. the verbal precative forms in Akkadian, ''limnu'', ''limnanni'', ''limannu'', “may he count”; W. von Soden, [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|''AHw'']], 604, cited in [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Staff, “Weights and Measures in the Time of Mosiah II,” Preliminary Report [[FARMS Staff|STF]]-83; [[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''CAD'']], “L” 10:219-221.</ref> – from the same root as the general ancient Near Eastern mina-weight <br />
(''manum''/ MA.NA, ca. 500 gm in ancient Mesopotamian usage), which ranged from 40 to 60 times the weight of a sheqel (varying from 11.4 gm among the Classical <br />
[[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]],<ref>Note the 400-sheqel (=8 mina) weight of 4,565 gm found at Tell Beit Mirsim by [[William F. Albright|Albright]] (8th century B.C., Iron II, stratum A – cited in "The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim, III: The Iron Age." ''[[Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research|AASOR]]'', 21-22:76-78, plate 57 dil), which is very close to the 4,780 gm basalt weight found near Taanach, which N. Avigad and R. B. Y. Scott likewise interpret in light of [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/23/16#16 Genesis 23:16] as a standard 400-sheqel weight (E. Stern, “Weights and Measures,” Encyclopaedia Judaica, 16:382-383,387-388, citing Scott, [[Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research|''BASOR'']], 32:35).</ref> to the 8.4 ''gm'' [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''qdt'' or Canaanite sheqel<ref>Gurney, The Hittites, 68; this would be in line with the 22 sheqel pair of pure gold earrings from Ramesses II to the Queen of Ḫatti = 8 ⅓ gm Canaanite sheqel (or [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''qdt'') weight – Christine Lilyquist, “The Objects Mentioned in the Texts,” in Royal Gifts in the Late Bronze Age Fourteenth to Thirteenth Centuries B.C.E.: Selected Texts Recording Gifts to Royal Personages, Beer-Sheva, XIII:218.</ref>). The mina-weight also appears twice in Aramaic as ''mene''- in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/dan/5/25-28#25 Daniel 5:25-28], where it is placed <br />
poetically with the weights sheqel and peres, and is part of the prophetic punning and rhyme scheme there.<ref>“Bible Dictionary,” in “Appendix” to The Holy Bible ([[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints/Intellectual Reserve, 1979), 731 ([https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bd/mene-mene-tekel-upharsin?lang=eng&letter=m mene mene tekel upharsin]).</ref><br />
<br />
[[George Reynolds|Reynolds]] & [[Janne M. Sjodahl|Sjodahl]] suggested that prepositional [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''l-'' (lamed) had been prefixed to nominal ''māne'', thus meaning something like “for a maneh,”<ref>[[George Reynolds|Reynolds]] & [[Janne M. Sjodahl|Sjodahl]], [[George Reynolds and Janne M. Sjodahl, Commentary on the Book of Mormon. P. C. Reynolds, ed. 7 vols. SLC: Deseret Book, 1955–1961.|''Commentary on the Book of Mormon'']], 282.</ref> or “according <br />
to a maneh,”<ref>[[Ludwig Koehler|Köhler]]-[[Walter Baumgartner|Baumgartner]], [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']], II:509:20, thus dividing a whole into its parts, as in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/1/11,25#11 Genesis 1:11,25], ''lemînô'', ''lemînā'' “according to its kind,” or [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/num/4/29#29 Numbers 4:29], “according to their families,” etc.</ref> or “concerning a maneh”<ref>[[Ludwig Koehler|Köhler]]-[[Walter Baumgartner|Baumgartner]], [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']], II:510:25, in inscriptions and titles, as in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezek/37/16#16 Ezekiel 37:16] “For Judah [''lÎhûdā''], and for the children of Israel his companions; . . . , For Joseph [''leYôsēp''], the stick of Ephraim,” or [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/isa/8/1 Isaiah 8:1], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/2_ne/18/1#1 2 Nephi 18:1] “concerning Maher-shalal-hash-baz.”</ref> That has also been done in many instances in the Bible, e.g., ''laMenî'' “for Meni (god of fate),” and ''laGad'' “for Gad (god of <br />
good fortune),” both in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/isa/65/11#11 Isaiah 65:11], and identified as such in the footnotes of the [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS]] Bible.<ref>The Holy Bible (1979), 939 n. 11ab.</ref> One might also define the lamed in this case as a “lamed of <br />
specification or reference.”<ref>T. Muraoka, “Emphasis in Biblical Hebrew,” 92, as in the list in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/2_chr/5/12#12 2 Chronicles 5:12], and in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/prov/25/3#3 Proverbs 25:3]. Or with the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] emphatic or vocative lamed prefixed, as in Ugaritic ''l'', and Akkadian ''l''©, ''li'', ''la'', meaning “namely,” as in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ps/135/11-12#11 Psalm 135:11-12] ''leSîḥôn . . . leʿÔg'' “namely Siḥon and Og” ([[Ludwig Koehler|Köhler]]-[[Walter Baumgartner|Baumgartner]], [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']], II:510-11; von Soden, [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|''AHw'']], 559b; Dahood distinguishes between vocative and emphatic in [[Journal from the Pontifical Biblical Institute, PBI, Rome.|Biblica]], 47:407).</ref> As Paul Hosskison has suggested, something like this is surely intended by the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''lmlk''-seals (two- and four-winged) found on the <br />
large storage jars placed in strategic Judaean fortresses by King Hezekiah in defensive preparation for a likely [[ASSYRIAN|A<small>SSYRIAN</small>]] invasion. ''Lemelek'' means “royal; belonging to <br />
the king.”<ref>[[David Ussishkin]], “The Destruction of Lachish by Sennacherib and the Dating of the Royal Judean Storage Jars,” Tel Aviv, 4 (1977):28-60.</ref> Nearly all of these [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] prepositional forms and meanings have a close analog in cognate [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] prepositions, ''r-'' and ''n-''.<ref>Gardiner, ''Egyptian Grammar'', 3rd ed., §§ 86B, 100, 158, 178, 180C, 181D, 262, 379:2.</ref><br />
<br />
The weight/value of the sheqel, qdt, and [[LEAH|L<small>EAH</small>]] (here as 1/56th mina = '''L<small>IMNAH'''</small>) are well matched<ref>The Classical [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]] simply equated the qdt-weight with their sheqel, and marked them with Hieratic numerals of a type fixed already in the 9th or 10th centuries at the latest.</ref> – despite the way in which a normative [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] might have dealt <br />
with this issue, since we are not dealing with [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIANS</small>]], but with a derivative system in [[ISRAEL|I<small>SRAEL</small>]] and [[JUDAH|J<small>UDAH</small>]],<ref>See S. Wimmer, Palästinisches Hieratisch, Ägypten und Altes Testament 75.</ref> and then later among the [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITES</small>]] under King [[MOSIAH|M<small>OSIAH</small>]] II. <br />
Pricing and relative value is all-important here, i.e., metals or their equivalents being weighed out in payment for grain, or vice-versa. The ratio and proportion is the <br />
thing, the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]] being free to adapt earlier systems to their own needs without hindrance from any formal [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] practice.<br />
<br />
As a practical matter, this meant that, in the eighth & seventh centuries B.C. (probably earlier), the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]] redefined the [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Hieratic decimal numerals 5, 10, <br />
20, 30, and 40, as 4, 8, 16, 24, and 32, on their sheqel weights, i.e., they used the [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Hieratic numerals but reinterpreted them – while retaining the same <br />
proportions. Below the 8-sheqel weight were the fractional weights, 1, 2, and 4 (also in Hieratic), obtained by halving, and above the 8-sheqel level each weight was <br />
enlarged by 8. As Bill Dever notes, the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]] “basic module” here was the 8-sheqel weight = 1 [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] diban (= 10 qdt/kite).<ref>W. Dever in P. Achtemeier, ed., Harper's Bible Dictionary, 1128-1129, and Tables B & C (at the same time, the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]] had altered the Mesopotamiansexagesimal system to their own overall quinquagesimal system); M. Powell in Freedman, ed., Anchor Bible Dictionary, VI:906-907, presents deviations from these norms, but the exceptions effectively prove the rule.</ref> The proportional sequence for <br />
each system may be correlated and displayed as follows:<ref>Cf. [[John W. Welch]] in [[Journal of Book of Mormon Studies|''JBMS'']], 8/2 (1999):36-46; [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]] in [[Donald W. Parry|Parry]], [[Daniel C. Peterson|Peterson]], and [[John W. Welch|Welch]], eds., Echoes and Evidences of the Book of Mormon, 348-350, citing J. B. Pritchard, ed., [[James B. Pritchard, ed. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. 3rd ed. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1969.|''ANET'']], 3rd ed., 161; and [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]], “The Laws of Eshnunna and Nephite Economics,” [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Update #121, Insights (Dec 1998):2, reprinted in [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]] & [[Melvin J. Thorne]], eds., Pressing Forward with the Book of Mormon, 147-149.</ref><br />
<br />
(original table)<br />
[[EGYPT)|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70<br />
[[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]] 1 2 4 8 16 24 32 40 48 56<br />
[[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] ⅛ ¼ ½ 1 1½ 2 4 7<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|Egyptian <br />
|<br />
|1 <br />
|2 <br />
|5 <br />
|10<br />
| <br />
|20 <br />
|30 <br />
|40 <br />
|50 <br />
|60 <br />
|70<br />
|-<br />
|Israelite <br />
|<br />
|1 <br />
|2 <br />
|4 <br />
|8<br />
| <br />
|16 <br />
|24 <br />
|32 <br />
|40 <br />
|48 <br />
|56<br />
|-<br />
|Nephite <br />
|⅛ <br />
|¼ <br />
|½ <br />
|1 <br />
|1½ <br />
|2<br />
| <br />
|4 <br />
|<br />
| <br />
|7<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In other words, the [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] system was virtually the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]]-[[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] system, with only a few changes – mostly in nomenclature.<ref>P. Rytting, “Mosiah2,”in [[Daniel H. Ludlow|D. Ludlow]], ed., Encyclopedia of Mormonism, II:960; reprinted in [[Daniel H. Ludlow|Ludlow]], [[Kent S. Brown|Brown]], and [[John W. Welch|Welch]], eds., To All the World, 190; cf. [[John Gee]] in [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Review of Books, 5 (1993):180.</ref> The Bible never gives a hint of the <br />
use of [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Hieratic on [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]] weights, and, even as recently as forty years ago, most scholars were unaware that professional, [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]]-speaking [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]] scribes <br />
wrote the Hieratic found at Tel Arad VII, at Kadesh-Barnea,<ref>Rainey, “The Saga of Eliashib,” Biblical Archaeology Review, 13/2 (Mar-Apr 1987):37,39.</ref> and in the Samaria Ostraca.<ref>Ivan Kaufman, “Samaria Ostraca,” in D. Freedman, ed., [[David Freedman, ed. Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, 1992.|''ABD'']], V:923.</ref><br />
<br />
See [[ANTION|A<small>NTION</small>]], [[SENINE|S<small>ENINE</small>]], [[SEON|S<small>EON</small>]], [[SHUM|S<small>HUM</small>]].<br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐢𐐆𐐣𐐤𐐂 (lɪmnɑː)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
'''Bibliography'''<br />
----<br />
[[David Freedman, ed. Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, 1992.|''ABD'']] = David Noel Freedman, ed., ''Anchor Bible Dictionary'', 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, <br />
1992.<br />
<br />
[[William F. Albright|Albright, William F.]] The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography, [[American Oriental Society|AOS]] 5. New<br />
Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1934. [[William F. Albright, The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography. AOS 5. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1934/ reprint Millwood, N.Y., 1974.|''VESO'']]<br />
<br />
[[William F. Albright|Albright, William F.]] The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim, III: The Iron Age, ''[[Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research|AASOR]]'' 21–22.<br />
New Haven: American Schools of Oriental Research, 1943.<br />
<br />
[[F. Brown, S. Driver, and C. Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1907 /1968.|''BDB'']] = Brown, Francis, S. R. Driver, and Charles Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English<br />
Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907/1959. [[F. Brown, S. Driver, and C. Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1907 /1968.|''BDB'']].<br />
<br />
[[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''CAD'']] = Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the<br />
Univ. of Chicago (Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956– ).<br />
<br />
Dever, William G. “Weights and Measures,” Harper’s Bible Dictionary, [[Society of Biblical Literature|SBL]], ed. P. J.<br />
Achtemeier, 1126–1131, and Tables. S.F.: HarperSanFrancisco, 1985).<br />
<br />
[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Staff. “Weights and Measures in the Time of Mosiah II,” [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Preliminary<br />
Report [[FARMS Staff|STF]]-83. Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 1983.<br />
<br />
Gardiner, Alan H. ''Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs'',<br />
3rd ed. Oxford: Griffith Institute, Ashmolean Museum, 1957.<br />
<br />
Gurney, O. R. The Hittites, rev. ed. Penguin, 1990.<br />
<br />
Hoch, James E. Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate<br />
Period. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1994.<br />
<br />
Kaufman, Ivan T. “Samaria Ostraca,” in D. Freedman, ed., [[David Freedman, ed. Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, 1992.|''ABD'']], V:921–926.<br />
<br />
[[Ludwig Koehler|Koehler, Ludwig]], and [[Walter Baumgartner]]. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old<br />
Testament, 5 vols., revised by [[Walter Baumgartner|W. Baumgartner]] & Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']]<br />
<br />
Lilyquist, Christine. “The Objects Mentioned in the Texts,” in Royal Gifts in the Late<br />
Bronze Age Fourteenth to Thirteenth Centuries B.C.E.: Selected Texts Recording Gifts to Royal Personages, Beer-Sheva, XIII. Beer-Sheva: Ben Gurion <br />
Univ. of the Negev Press, 1999.<br />
<br />
[[Daniel H. Ludlow|Ludlow, Daniel H.]], [[Kent S. Brown|S. Kent Brown]], and [[John W. Welch]], eds. To All the World. Provo:<br />
[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2000.<br />
<br />
Muraoka, Takamitsu. “Emphasis in Biblical Hebrew,” doctoral thesis. Jerusalem:<br />
Hebrew University in Jerusalem, 1969.<br />
<br />
[[Donald W. Parry|Parry, Donald]], [[Daniel C. Peterson|Daniel Peterson]], and [[John W. Welch]], eds. Echoes and Evidences. Provo:<br />
[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2002.<br />
<br />
Powell, Marvin A., Jr. “Weights & Measures,” Anchor Bible Dictionary, 6 vols., ed. D. N.<br />
Freedman, VI:897–908. Doubleday, 1992.<br />
<br />
Rainey, Anson F. “The Saga of Eliashib,” Biblical Archaeology Review, 13/2 (Mar–Apr <br />
1987):37,39.<br />
<br />
[[George Reynolds|Reynolds, George]], and [[Janne M. Sjodahl]], Commentary on the Book of Mormon, 7 vols.,<br />
P. C. Reynolds, ed. [[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: Deseret Book, 1955–1961. [[George Reynolds and Janne M. Sjodahl, Commentary on the Book of Mormon. P. C. Reynolds, ed. 7 vols. SLC: Deseret Book, 1955–1961.|''CBM'']]<br />
<br />
Rytting, Paul. “Mosiah2,” Encyclopedia of Mormonism, 5 vols., ed. [[Daniel H. Ludlow|Daniel Ludlow]], II:960–<br />
961. N.Y.: Macmillan, 1992 = reprinted in To All the World, ed. [[Daniel H. Ludlow|D. H. Ludlow]], [[Kent S. Brown|S. K. Brown]], and [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]], 189–190. Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2000.<br />
<br />
Stern, Ephraim. “Weights and Measures,” Encyclopaedia Judaica, 1st ed., ed. C. Roth,<br />
16:376–388. Jerusalem: Carta/ N.Y.: Macmillan, 1972.<br />
<br />
The Holy Bible. “Appendix: Bible Dictionary,” 599–793. [[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: Church of Jesus Christ of<br />
Latter-day Saints/Intellectual Reserve, 1979.<br />
<br />
[[David Ussishkin|Ussishkin, David]]. “The Destruction of Lachish by Sennacherib and the Dating of the<br />
Royal Judean Storage Jars,” Tel Aviv, 4 (1977):28–60.<br />
<br />
Von Soden, W. ''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch'', 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–<br />
1981. [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|AHw]]<br />
<br />
[[John W. Welch|Welch, John W.]] “The Laws of Eshnunna and Nephite Economics,” [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Update<br />
#121, Insights (Dec 1998):2.<br />
<br />
[[John W. Welch|Welch, John W.]], and [[Melvin J. Thorne]], eds. Pressing Forward with the Book of Mormon.<br />
Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 1999.<br />
<br />
[[John W. Welch|Welch, John W.]] “A Steady Stream of Significant Recognitions,” Echoes and Evidences of<br />
the Book of Mormon, eds. [[Donald W. Parry|D. W. Parry]], [[Daniel C. Peterson|D. C. Peterson]], and [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]], 331–387. Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2002.<br />
<br />
Wimmer, Stefan. Palästinisches Hieratisch: Die Zahl- und Sonderzeichen in der alt-<br />
hebräischen Schrift. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2008.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">[[Robert F. Smith|RFS]]</div><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite noun]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=LIMNAH&diff=12013
LIMNAH
2015-02-11T20:40:17Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite noun|Lehite noun]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|Largest [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] gold-measure, equivalent in value to one silver [[ONTI(ES)|O<small>NTI(ES)</small>]] ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/11.5,10?lang=eng#4 Alma 11:5,10]).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
Since the Book of Mormon was apparently written in [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] script, and since the phonemes ''l'', ''n'', and ''r'' frequently interchange among [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] & [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] cognates <br />
and loanwords,<ref>[[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''n''(''i'') “of,” ''n'' “to, for” > Dem. ''n'' > Coptic ''n'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''l''-, ''ʾel'' (Arab. l-); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''iyr'', “stag; doe”> Dem. ''1ywr'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ʾayîl''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] (''s'')''#r'', ''i#r'', <br />
''#ry'' “(cause) to ascend, mount up”; ''#rtyw'' “they who ascend” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] (''he'')''ʿelā'', ''ʿôlîm'' (Arab. ''ʿalāʾ'', Assyr. ''elû''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''#gn'' “calf” > Copt. ''aol'' (Gk. αγολ) <br />
= [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ʿēgel''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''#grt'' “wagon, cart” > Dem. ''#klt'' > Copt. ''aolte'', ''akolte'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ʿagālā'' (Arab. ''ʿajala''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''fnḫ'' “split”; ''png'' “detach” > Dem. <br />
''plk'', ''pnq'' > Copt. ''pols'', ''ple'' , ''pre'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''pillēg'' (Arab. ''falaja''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''pr'' “bean; fava bean” > Copt. ''phel'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''pôl'' (Arab. f©l); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''mrḥw'', <br />
''mrḥm'' “salt” > Copt. ''moulh'', ''malh'', ''mlah'', ''merh'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''melaḥ''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''mktr'' “tower” > Copt. ''metol'', ''miktwl'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''migdol'' (Gk. µς(∗Τ8≅<, Arab. <br />
''mjdūl''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''ns'' “tongue; language” > Dem. ls > Copt. ''las'', ''les'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''lašôn'' (Arab. ''lisān'', Akkad. ''liš∼nu''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''nšm''(''t'') “green felspar” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] <br />
''lešem'' “precious stone”; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''rhbw'' “heat of fire” > Dem. ''lhb'' > Copt. ''lhwb'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''lāhab'' (Arab. ''lahab''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''ḥsmn'' “bronze” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]]''ḥašmal'', ''ḥašman''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''ḫnmt'' “reddish jasper” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ʾaḥlāmā''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''snm'' “locust” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''sālʿām''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''q1rt'', ''qrit'' “bolt, padlock” > Dem. ''ql1t'' > <br />
Copt. ''kele'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''kēlēʿ''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''qrr'' “burnt-offering”> Dem. ''gll'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''kālîl''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''qrt'' “vessel” > Copt. ''alaht'', ''kalaht'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''qallaḥat'' <br />
“cauldron”; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''knm'' “wrap up, a garment” > Dem. ''glmlm'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''gālam''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''grt'', ''grgy''(''t'') “kidney” > Copt. ''alwt'', ''looe'', ''loote'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''kelîyôt'' “kidneys” (Ug. ''klyt''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''d1rt'' “bitter gourd” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ṣeʿēl''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''d1rt'' “a fruit” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ṣeʿelîm'' “bough” ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/job/40/21#21 Job 40:21] – Humbert, ZAW, 62 [1950], 206); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''bnti'' > ''blti'' > Coptic ''bilti'' “thigh.”</ref> we may possibly have here a variant pronunciation of [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''nimnā'' “be counted, numbered, reckoned, assigned” ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/isa/53/12#12 Isaiah 53:12]; [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/mosiah/14/12#12 Mosiah 14:12]),<ref>[[Ludwig Koehler|Ludwig Köhler]]-[[Walter Baumgartner|Walter Baumgartner]], [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament'']], II:599; [[F. Brown, S. Driver, and C. Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1907 /1968.|''BDB'']], 584; cf. [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/13/16#16 Genesis 13:16] ''limnôt . . . yîmmāne''; [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_kgs/3/8#8 1 Kings 3:8] ''yîmmāne 2yîssāper''; 8:5 ''yîmmānû''; [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/eccl/1/15#15 Ecclesiastes 1:15] ''lehimmānôt''; in nominal form as [[Geographical Name|GN]] Timnā “Portion, Territory” ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/38/12-14#12 Genesis 38:12-14], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/josh/15/10,57#10 Joshua 15:10,57], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/josh/19/43#43 19:43], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/judg/14/1,2,5#1 Judges 14:1,2,5], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/2_chr/28/18#18 2 Chronicles 28:18]) = <br />
[[Septuaginta. Alfred Rahlfs, ed. 8th ed. Stuttgart: Württembergische Bibelanstalt, 1965.|LXX]] 1∀µ<∀. Indeed, since both [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] and [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''n-'' are also nominal prefixes (Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar, 3rd ed., § 276; [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']], II:656), it is also <br />
possible that this was assumed to be its proper form and meaning by the time of King [[MOSIAH|M<small>OSIAH</small>]] II.</ref> <br />
a niphal verbal form of [[King James Version|KJV]] ''maneh'' ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezek/45/12#12 Ezekiel 45:12], capitalized as “Maneh” in 1611 [[King James Version|KJV]]), the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] weight-measure ''māne'' (translated “pounds” at [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_kgs/10/17#17 1 Kings 10:17], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezra/2/69#69 Ezra 2:69], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/neh/7/70-72#70 Nehemiah 7:70–72]) = Ugaritic ''mn'', ''mana'', Arabic ''mny'', ''mnw'', Old South Arabic ''mnw'', and Akkadian ''manû'', transliterated in ancient [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] as ''man-nu2'' <br />
“mina weight.”<ref>Hoch, Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts, #162 (p. 127): Dyn. 19/20; cites [[William F. Albright|Albright]], [[William F. Albright, The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography. AOS 5. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1934/ reprint Millwood, N.Y., 1974.|''The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography'']], IX.C.2 (citing Burchardt 452).</ref> Some Akkadian verbal forms of ''manû'' are very similar to '''L<small>IMNAH</small>'''<ref>Cf. the verbal precative forms in Akkadian, ''limnu'', ''limnanni'', ''limannu'', “may he count”; W. von Soden, [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|''AHw'']], 604, cited in [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Staff, “Weights and Measures in the Time of Mosiah II,” Preliminary Report [[FARMS Staff|STF]]-83; [[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''CAD'']], “L” 10:219-221.</ref> – from the same root as the general ancient Near Eastern mina-weight <br />
(''manum''/ MA.NA, ca. 500 gm in ancient Mesopotamian usage), which ranged from 40 to 60 times the weight of a sheqel (varying from 11.4 gm among the Classical <br />
[[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]],<ref>Note the 400-sheqel (=8 mina) weight of 4,565 gm found at Tell Beit Mirsim by [[William F. Albright|Albright]] (8th century B.C., Iron II, stratum A – cited in "The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim, III: The Iron Age." ''[[Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research|AASOR]]'', 21-22:76-78, plate 57 dil), which is very close to the 4,780 gm basalt weight found near Taanach, which N. Avigad and R. B. Y. Scott likewise interpret in light of [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/23/16#16 Genesis 23:16] as a standard 400-sheqel weight (E. Stern, “Weights and Measures,” Encyclopaedia Judaica, 16:382-383,387-388, citing Scott, [[Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research|''BASOR'']], 32:35).</ref> to the 8.4 ''gm'' [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''qdt'' or Canaanite sheqel<ref>Gurney, The Hittites, 68; this would be in line with the 22 sheqel pair of pure gold earrings from Ramesses II to the Queen of Ḫatti = 8 ⅓ gm Canaanite sheqel (or [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''qdt'') weight – Christine Lilyquist, “The Objects Mentioned in the Texts,” in Royal Gifts in the Late Bronze Age Fourteenth to Thirteenth Centuries B.C.E.: Selected Texts Recording Gifts to Royal Personages, Beer-Sheva, XIII:218.</ref>). The mina-weight also appears twice in Aramaic as ''mene''- in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/dan/5/25-28#25 Daniel 5:25-28], where it is placed <br />
poetically with the weights sheqel and peres, and is part of the prophetic punning and rhyme scheme there.<ref>“Bible Dictionary,” in “Appendix” to The Holy Bible ([[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints/Intellectual Reserve, 1979), 731 ([https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bd/mene-mene-tekel-upharsin?lang=eng&letter=m mene mene tekel upharsin]).</ref><br />
<br />
[[George Reynolds|Reynolds]] & [[Janne M. Sjodahl|Sjodahl]] suggested that prepositional [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''l-'' (lamed) had been prefixed to nominal ''māne'', thus meaning something like “for a maneh,”<ref>[[George Reynolds|Reynolds]] & [[Janne M. Sjodahl|Sjodahl]], [[George Reynolds and Janne M. Sjodahl, Commentary on the Book of Mormon. P. C. Reynolds, ed. 7 vols. SLC: Deseret Book, 1955–1961.|''Commentary on the Book of Mormon'']], 282.</ref> or “according <br />
to a maneh,”<ref>[[Ludwig Koehler|Köhler]]-[[Walter Baumgartner|Baumgartner]], [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']], II:509:20, thus dividing a whole into its parts, as in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/1/11,25#11 Genesis 1:11,25], ''lemînô'', ''lemînā'' “according to its kind,” or [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/num/4/29#29 Numbers 4:29], “according to their families,” etc.</ref> or “concerning a maneh”<ref>[[Ludwig Koehler|Köhler]]-[[Walter Baumgartner|Baumgartner]], [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']], II:510:25, in inscriptions and titles, as in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezek/37/16#16 Ezekiel 37:16] “For Judah [''lÎhûdā''], and for the children of Israel his companions; . . . , For Joseph [''leYôsēp''], the stick of Ephraim,” or [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/isa/8/1 Isaiah 8:1], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/2_ne/18/1#1 2 Nephi 18:1] “concerning Maher-shalal-hash-baz.”</ref> That has also been done in many instances in the Bible, e.g., ''laMenî'' “for Meni (god of fate),” and ''laGad'' “for Gad (god of <br />
good fortune),” both in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/isa/65/11#11 Isaiah 65:11], and identified as such in the footnotes of the [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS]] Bible.<ref>The Holy Bible (1979), 939 n. 11ab.</ref> One might also define the lamed in this case as a “lamed of <br />
specification or reference.”<ref>T. Muraoka, “Emphasis in Biblical Hebrew,” 92, as in the list in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/2_chr/5/12#12 2 Chronicles 5:12], and in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/prov/25/3#3 Proverbs 25:3]. Or with the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] emphatic or vocative lamed prefixed, as in Ugaritic ''l'', and Akkadian ''l''©, ''li'', ''la'', meaning “namely,” as in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ps/135/11-12#11 Psalm 135:11-12] ''leSîḥôn . . . leʿÔg'' “namely Siḥon and Og” ([[Ludwig Koehler|Köhler]]-[[Walter Baumgartner|Baumgartner]], [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']], II:510-11; von Soden, [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|''AHw'']], 559b; Dahood distinguishes between vocative and emphatic in [[Journal from the Pontifical Biblical Institute, PBI, Rome.|Biblica]], 47:407).</ref> As Paul Hosskison has suggested, something like this is surely intended by the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''lmlk''-seals (two- and four-winged) found on the <br />
large storage jars placed in strategic Judaean fortresses by King Hezekiah in defensive preparation for a likely [[ASSYRIAN|A<small>SSYRIAN</small>]] invasion. ''Lemelek'' means “royal; belonging to <br />
the king.”<ref>[[David Ussishkin]], “The Destruction of Lachish by Sennacherib and the Dating of the Royal Judean Storage Jars,” Tel Aviv, 4 (1977):28-60.</ref> Nearly all of these [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] prepositional forms and meanings have a close analog in cognate [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] prepositions, ''r-'' and ''n-''.<ref>Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar, 3rd ed., §§ 86B, 100, 158, 178, 180C, 181D, 262, 379:2.</ref><br />
<br />
The weight/value of the sheqel, qdt, and [[LEAH|L<small>EAH</small>]] (here as 1/56th mina = '''L<small>IMNAH'''</small>) are well matched<ref>The Classical [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]] simply equated the qdt-weight with their sheqel, and marked them with Hieratic numerals of a type fixed already in the 9th or 10th centuries at the latest.</ref> – despite the way in which a normative [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] might have dealt <br />
with this issue, since we are not dealing with [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIANS</small>]], but with a derivative system in [[ISRAEL|I<small>SRAEL</small>]] and [[JUDAH|J<small>UDAH</small>]],<ref>See S. Wimmer, Palästinisches Hieratisch, Ägypten und Altes Testament 75.</ref> and then later among the [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITES</small>]] under King [[MOSIAH|M<small>OSIAH</small>]] II. <br />
Pricing and relative value is all-important here, i.e., metals or their equivalents being weighed out in payment for grain, or vice-versa. The ratio and proportion is the <br />
thing, the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]] being free to adapt earlier systems to their own needs without hindrance from any formal [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] practice.<br />
<br />
As a practical matter, this meant that, in the eighth & seventh centuries B.C. (probably earlier), the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]] redefined the [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Hieratic decimal numerals 5, 10, <br />
20, 30, and 40, as 4, 8, 16, 24, and 32, on their sheqel weights, i.e., they used the [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Hieratic numerals but reinterpreted them – while retaining the same <br />
proportions. Below the 8-sheqel weight were the fractional weights, 1, 2, and 4 (also in Hieratic), obtained by halving, and above the 8-sheqel level each weight was <br />
enlarged by 8. As Bill Dever notes, the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]] “basic module” here was the 8-sheqel weight = 1 [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] diban (= 10 qdt/kite).<ref>W. Dever in P. Achtemeier, ed., Harper's Bible Dictionary, 1128-1129, and Tables B & C (at the same time, the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]] had altered the Mesopotamiansexagesimal system to their own overall quinquagesimal system); M. Powell in Freedman, ed., Anchor Bible Dictionary, VI:906-907, presents deviations from these norms, but the exceptions effectively prove the rule.</ref> The proportional sequence for <br />
each system may be correlated and displayed as follows:<ref>Cf. [[John W. Welch]] in [[Journal of Book of Mormon Studies|''JBMS'']], 8/2 (1999):36-46; [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]] in [[Donald W. Parry|Parry]], [[Daniel C. Peterson|Peterson]], and [[John W. Welch|Welch]], eds., Echoes and Evidences of the Book of Mormon, 348-350, citing J. B. Pritchard, ed., [[James B. Pritchard, ed. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. 3rd ed. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1969.|''ANET'']], 3rd ed., 161; and [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]], “The Laws of Eshnunna and Nephite Economics,” [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Update #121, Insights (Dec 1998):2, reprinted in [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]] & [[Melvin J. Thorne]], eds., Pressing Forward with the Book of Mormon, 147-149.</ref><br />
<br />
(original table)<br />
[[EGYPT)|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70<br />
[[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]] 1 2 4 8 16 24 32 40 48 56<br />
[[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] ⅛ ¼ ½ 1 1½ 2 4 7<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|Egyptian <br />
|<br />
|1 <br />
|2 <br />
|5 <br />
|10<br />
| <br />
|20 <br />
|30 <br />
|40 <br />
|50 <br />
|60 <br />
|70<br />
|-<br />
|Israelite <br />
|<br />
|1 <br />
|2 <br />
|4 <br />
|8<br />
| <br />
|16 <br />
|24 <br />
|32 <br />
|40 <br />
|48 <br />
|56<br />
|-<br />
|Nephite <br />
|⅛ <br />
|¼ <br />
|½ <br />
|1 <br />
|1½ <br />
|2<br />
| <br />
|4 <br />
|<br />
| <br />
|7<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In other words, the [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] system was virtually the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]]-[[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] system, with only a few changes – mostly in nomenclature.<ref>P. Rytting, “Mosiah2,”in [[Daniel H. Ludlow|D. Ludlow]], ed., Encyclopedia of Mormonism, II:960; reprinted in [[Daniel H. Ludlow|Ludlow]], [[Kent S. Brown|Brown]], and [[John W. Welch|Welch]], eds., To All the World, 190; cf. [[John Gee]] in [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Review of Books, 5 (1993):180.</ref> The Bible never gives a hint of the <br />
use of [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Hieratic on [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]] weights, and, even as recently as forty years ago, most scholars were unaware that professional, [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]]-speaking [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]] scribes <br />
wrote the Hieratic found at Tel Arad VII, at Kadesh-Barnea,<ref>Rainey, “The Saga of Eliashib,” Biblical Archaeology Review, 13/2 (Mar-Apr 1987):37,39.</ref> and in the Samaria Ostraca.<ref>Ivan Kaufman, “Samaria Ostraca,” in D. Freedman, ed., [[David Freedman, ed. Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, 1992.|''ABD'']], V:923.</ref><br />
<br />
See [[ANTION|A<small>NTION</small>]], [[SENINE|S<small>ENINE</small>]], [[SEON|S<small>EON</small>]], [[SHUM|S<small>HUM</small>]].<br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐢𐐆𐐣𐐤𐐂 (lɪmnɑː)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
'''Bibliography'''<br />
----<br />
[[David Freedman, ed. Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, 1992.|''ABD'']] = David Noel Freedman, ed., ''Anchor Bible Dictionary'', 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, <br />
1992.<br />
<br />
[[William F. Albright|Albright, William F.]] The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography, [[American Oriental Society|AOS]] 5. New<br />
Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1934. [[William F. Albright, The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography. AOS 5. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1934/ reprint Millwood, N.Y., 1974.|''VESO'']]<br />
<br />
[[William F. Albright|Albright, William F.]] The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim, III: The Iron Age, ''[[Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research|AASOR]]'' 21–22.<br />
New Haven: American Schools of Oriental Research, 1943.<br />
<br />
[[F. Brown, S. Driver, and C. Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1907 /1968.|''BDB'']] = Brown, Francis, S. R. Driver, and Charles Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English<br />
Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907/1959. [[F. Brown, S. Driver, and C. Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1907 /1968.|''BDB'']].<br />
<br />
[[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''CAD'']] = Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the<br />
Univ. of Chicago (Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956– ).<br />
<br />
Dever, William G. “Weights and Measures,” Harper’s Bible Dictionary, [[Society of Biblical Literature|SBL]], ed. P. J.<br />
Achtemeier, 1126–1131, and Tables. S.F.: HarperSanFrancisco, 1985).<br />
<br />
[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Staff. “Weights and Measures in the Time of Mosiah II,” [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Preliminary<br />
Report [[FARMS Staff|STF]]-83. Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 1983.<br />
<br />
Gardiner, Alan H. Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs,<br />
3rd ed. Oxford: Griffith Institute, Ashmolean Museum, 1957.<br />
<br />
Gurney, O. R. The Hittites, rev. ed. Penguin, 1990.<br />
<br />
Hoch, James E. Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate<br />
Period. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1994.<br />
<br />
Kaufman, Ivan T. “Samaria Ostraca,” in D. Freedman, ed., [[David Freedman, ed. Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, 1992.|''ABD'']], V:921–926.<br />
<br />
[[Ludwig Koehler|Koehler, Ludwig]], and [[Walter Baumgartner]]. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old<br />
Testament, 5 vols., revised by [[Walter Baumgartner|W. Baumgartner]] & Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']]<br />
<br />
Lilyquist, Christine. “The Objects Mentioned in the Texts,” in Royal Gifts in the Late<br />
Bronze Age Fourteenth to Thirteenth Centuries B.C.E.: Selected Texts Recording Gifts to Royal Personages, Beer-Sheva, XIII. Beer-Sheva: Ben Gurion <br />
Univ. of the Negev Press, 1999.<br />
<br />
[[Daniel H. Ludlow|Ludlow, Daniel H.]], [[Kent S. Brown|S. Kent Brown]], and [[John W. Welch]], eds. To All the World. Provo:<br />
[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2000.<br />
<br />
Muraoka, Takamitsu. “Emphasis in Biblical Hebrew,” doctoral thesis. Jerusalem:<br />
Hebrew University in Jerusalem, 1969.<br />
<br />
[[Donald W. Parry|Parry, Donald]], [[Daniel C. Peterson|Daniel Peterson]], and [[John W. Welch]], eds. Echoes and Evidences. Provo:<br />
[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2002.<br />
<br />
Powell, Marvin A., Jr. “Weights & Measures,” Anchor Bible Dictionary, 6 vols., ed. D. N.<br />
Freedman, VI:897–908. Doubleday, 1992.<br />
<br />
Rainey, Anson F. “The Saga of Eliashib,” Biblical Archaeology Review, 13/2 (Mar–Apr <br />
1987):37,39.<br />
<br />
[[George Reynolds|Reynolds, George]], and [[Janne M. Sjodahl]], Commentary on the Book of Mormon, 7 vols.,<br />
P. C. Reynolds, ed. [[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: Deseret Book, 1955–1961. [[George Reynolds and Janne M. Sjodahl, Commentary on the Book of Mormon. P. C. Reynolds, ed. 7 vols. SLC: Deseret Book, 1955–1961.|''CBM'']]<br />
<br />
Rytting, Paul. “Mosiah2,” Encyclopedia of Mormonism, 5 vols., ed. [[Daniel H. Ludlow|Daniel Ludlow]], II:960–<br />
961. N.Y.: Macmillan, 1992 = reprinted in To All the World, ed. [[Daniel H. Ludlow|D. H. Ludlow]], [[Kent S. Brown|S. K. Brown]], and [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]], 189–190. Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2000.<br />
<br />
Stern, Ephraim. “Weights and Measures,” Encyclopaedia Judaica, 1st ed., ed. C. Roth,<br />
16:376–388. Jerusalem: Carta/ N.Y.: Macmillan, 1972.<br />
<br />
The Holy Bible. “Appendix: Bible Dictionary,” 599–793. [[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: Church of Jesus Christ of<br />
Latter-day Saints/Intellectual Reserve, 1979.<br />
<br />
[[David Ussishkin|Ussishkin, David]]. “The Destruction of Lachish by Sennacherib and the Dating of the<br />
Royal Judean Storage Jars,” Tel Aviv, 4 (1977):28–60.<br />
<br />
Von Soden, W. ''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch'', 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–<br />
1981. [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|AHw]]<br />
<br />
[[John W. Welch|Welch, John W.]] “The Laws of Eshnunna and Nephite Economics,” [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Update<br />
#121, Insights (Dec 1998):2.<br />
<br />
[[John W. Welch|Welch, John W.]], and [[Melvin J. Thorne]], eds. Pressing Forward with the Book of Mormon.<br />
Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 1999.<br />
<br />
[[John W. Welch|Welch, John W.]] “A Steady Stream of Significant Recognitions,” Echoes and Evidences of<br />
the Book of Mormon, eds. [[Donald W. Parry|D. W. Parry]], [[Daniel C. Peterson|D. C. Peterson]], and [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]], 331–387. Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2002.<br />
<br />
Wimmer, Stefan. Palästinisches Hieratisch: Die Zahl- und Sonderzeichen in der alt-<br />
hebräischen Schrift. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2008.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">[[Robert F. Smith|RFS]]</div><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite noun]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=LIMNAH&diff=12012
LIMNAH
2015-02-11T20:19:50Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite noun|Lehite noun]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|Largest [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] gold-measure, equivalent in value to one silver [[ONTI(ES)|O<small>NTI(ES)</small>]] ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/11.5,10?lang=eng#4 Alma 11:5,10]).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
Since the Book of Mormon was apparently written in [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] script, and since the phonemes ''l'', ''n'', and ''r'' frequently interchange among [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] & [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] cognates <br />
and loanwords,<ref>[[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''n''(''i'') “of,” ''n'' “to, for” > Dem. ''n'' > Coptic ''n'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''l''-, ''ʾel'' (Arab. l-); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''iyr'', “stag; doe”> Dem. ''1ywr'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ʾayîl''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] (''s'')''#r'', ''i#r'', <br />
''#ry'' “(cause) to ascend, mount up”; ''#rtyw'' “they who ascend” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] (''he'')''ʿelā'', ''ʿôlîm'' (Arab. ''ʿalāʾ'', Assyr. ''elû''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''#gn'' “calf” > Copt. ''aol'' (Gk. αγολ) <br />
= [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ʿēgel''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''#grt'' “wagon, cart” > Dem. ''#klt'' > Copt. ''aolte'', ''akolte'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ʿagālā'' (Arab. ''ʿajala''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''fnḫ'' “split”; ''png'' “detach” > Dem. <br />
''plk'', ''pnq'' > Copt. ''pols'', ''ple'' , ''pre'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''pillēg'' (Arab. ''falaja''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''pr'' “bean; fava bean” > Copt. ''phel'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''pôl'' (Arab. f©l); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''mrḥw'', <br />
''mrḥm'' “salt” > Copt. ''moulh'', ''malh'', ''mlah'', ''merh'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''melaḥ''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''mktr'' “tower” > Copt. ''metol'', ''miktwl'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''migdol'' (Gk. µς(∗Τ8≅<, Arab. <br />
''mjdūl''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''ns'' “tongue; language” > Dem. ls > Copt. ''las'', ''les'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''lašôn'' (Arab. ''lisān'', Akkad. ''liš∼nu''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''nšm''(''t'') “green felspar” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] <br />
''lešem'' “precious stone”; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''rhbw'' “heat of fire” > Dem. ''lhb'' > Copt. ''lhwb'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''lāhab'' (Arab. ''lahab''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''ḥsmn'' “bronze” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]]''ḥašmal'', ''ḥašman''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''ḫnmt'' “reddish jasper” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ʾaḥlāmā''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''snm'' “locust” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''sālʿām''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''q1rt'', ''qrit'' “bolt, padlock” > Dem. ''ql1t'' > <br />
Copt. ''kele'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''kēlēʿ''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''qrr'' “burnt-offering”> Dem. ''gll'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''kālîl''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''qrt'' “vessel” > Copt. ''alaht'', ''kalaht'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''qallaḥat'' <br />
“cauldron”; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''knm'' “wrap up, a garment” > Dem. ''glmlm'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''gālam''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''grt'', ''grgy''(''t'') “kidney” > Copt. ''alwt'', ''looe'', ''loote'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''kelîyôt'' “kidneys” (Ug. ''klyt''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''d1rt'' “bitter gourd” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ṣeʿēl''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''d1rt'' “a fruit” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ṣeʿelîm'' “bough” ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/job/40/21#21 Job 40:21] – Humbert, ZAW, 62 [1950], 206); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''bnti'' > ''blti'' > Coptic ''bilti'' “thigh.”</ref> we may possibly have here a variant pronunciation of [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''nimnā'' “be counted, numbered, reckoned, assigned” ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/isa/53/12#12 Isaiah 53:12]; [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/mosiah/14/12#12 Mosiah 14:12]),<ref>[[Ludwig Koehler|Ludwig Köhler]]-[[Walter Baumgartner|Walter Baumgartner]], [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament'']], II:599; [[F. Brown, S. Driver, and C. Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1907 /1968.|''BDB'']], 584; cf. [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/13/16#16 Genesis 13:16] ''limnôt . . . yîmmāne''; [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_kgs/3/8#8 1 Kings 3:8] ''yîmmāne 2yîssāper''; 8:5 ''yîmmānû''; [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/eccl/1/15#15 Ecclesiastes 1:15] ''lehimmānôt''; in nominal form as [[Geographical Name|GN]] Timnā “Portion, Territory” ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/38/12-14#12 Genesis 38:12-14], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/josh/15/10,57#10 Joshua 15:10,57], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/josh/19/43#43 19:43], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/judg/14/1,2,5#1 Judges 14:1,2,5], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/2_chr/28/18#18 2 Chronicles 28:18]) = <br />
[[Septuaginta. Alfred Rahlfs, ed. 8th ed. Stuttgart: Württembergische Bibelanstalt, 1965.|LXX]] 1∀µ<∀. Indeed, since both [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] and [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''n-'' are also nominal prefixes (Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar, 3rd ed., § 276; [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']], II:656), it is also <br />
possible that this was assumed to be its proper form and meaning by the time of King [[MOSIAH|M<small>OSIAH</small>]] II.</ref> <br />
a niphal verbal form of [[King James Version|KJV]] ''maneh'' ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezek/45/12#12 Ezekiel 45:12], capitalized as “Maneh” in 1611 [[King James Version|KJV]]), the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] weight-measure ''māne'' (translated “pounds” at [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_kgs/10/17#17 1 Kings 10:17], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezra/2/69#69 Ezra 2:69], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/neh/7/70-72#70 Nehemiah 7:70–72]) = Ugaritic ''mn'', ''mana'', Arabic ''mny'', ''mnw'', Old South Arabic ''mnw'', and Akkadian ''manû'', transliterated in ancient [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] as ''man-nu2'' <br />
“mina weight.”<ref>Hoch, Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts, #162 (p. 127): Dyn. 19/20; cites [[William F. Albright|Albright]], [[William F. Albright, The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography. AOS 5. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1934/ reprint Millwood, N.Y., 1974.|''The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography'']], IX.C.2 (citing Burchardt 452).</ref> Some Akkadian verbal forms of ''manû'' are very similar to '''L<small>IMNAH</small>'''<ref>Cf. the verbal precative forms in Akkadian, ''limnu'', ''limnanni'', ''limannu'', “may he count”; W. von Soden, [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|''AHw'']], 604, cited in [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Staff, “Weights and Measures in the Time of Mosiah II,” Preliminary Report [[FARMS Staff|STF]]-83; [[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''CAD'']], “L” 10:219-221.</ref> – from the same root as the general ancient Near Eastern mina-weight <br />
(''manum''/ MA.NA, ca. 500 gm in ancient Mesopotamian usage), which ranged from 40 to 60 times the weight of a sheqel (varying from 11.4 gm among the Classical <br />
[[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]],<ref>Note the 400-sheqel (=8 mina) weight of 4,565 gm found at Tell Beit Mirsim by [[William F. Albright|Albright]] (8th century B.C., Iron II, stratum A – ''[[Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research|AASOR]]'', 21-22:76-78, plate 57 dil), which is very close to the 4,780 gm basalt weight found near Taanach, which N. Avigad and R. B. Y. Scott likewise interpret in light of [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/23/16#16 Genesis 23:16] as a standard 400-sheqel weight (E. Stern, “Weights and Measures,” Encyclopaedia Judaica, 16:382-383,387-388, citing Scott, [[Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research|''BASOR'']], 32:35).</ref> to the 8.4 ''gm'' [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''qdt'' or Canaanite sheqel<ref>Gurney, The Hittites, 68; this would be in line with the 22 sheqel pair of pure gold earrings from Ramesses II to the Queen of Ḫatti = 8 ⅓ gm Canaanite sheqel (or [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''qdt'') weight – Christine Lilyquist, “The Objects Mentioned in the Texts,” in Royal Gifts in the Late Bronze Age Fourteenth to Thirteenth Centuries B.C.E.: Selected Texts Recording Gifts to Royal Personages, Beer-Sheva, XIII:218.</ref>). The mina-weight also appears twice in Aramaic as ''mene''- in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/dan/5/25-28#25 Daniel 5:25-28], where it is placed <br />
poetically with the weights sheqel and peres, and is part of the prophetic punning and rhyme scheme there.<ref>“Bible Dictionary,” in “Appendix” to The Holy Bible ([[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints/Intellectual Reserve, 1979), 731 ([https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bd/mene-mene-tekel-upharsin?lang=eng&letter=m mene mene tekel upharsin]).</ref><br />
<br />
[[George Reynolds|Reynolds]] & [[Janne M. Sjodahl|Sjodahl]] suggested that prepositional [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''l-'' (lamed) had been prefixed to nominal ''māne'', thus meaning something like “for a maneh,”<ref>[[George Reynolds|Reynolds]] & [[Janne M. Sjodahl|Sjodahl]], [[George Reynolds and Janne M. Sjodahl, Commentary on the Book of Mormon. P. C. Reynolds, ed. 7 vols. SLC: Deseret Book, 1955–1961.|''Commentary on the Book of Mormon'']], 282.</ref> or “according <br />
to a maneh,”<ref>[[Ludwig Koehler|Köhler]]-[[Walter Baumgartner|Baumgartner]], [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']], II:509:20, thus dividing a whole into its parts, as in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/1/11,25#11 Genesis 1:11,25], ''lemînô'', ''lemînā'' “according to its kind,” or [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/num/4/29#29 Numbers 4:29], “according to their families,” etc.</ref> or “concerning a maneh”<ref>[[Ludwig Koehler|Köhler]]-[[Walter Baumgartner|Baumgartner]], [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']], II:510:25, in inscriptions and titles, as in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezek/37/16#16 Ezekiel 37:16] “For Judah [''lÎhûdā''], and for the children of Israel his companions; . . . , For Joseph [''leYôsēp''], the stick of Ephraim,” or [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/isa/8/1 Isaiah 8:1], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/2_ne/18/1#1 2 Nephi 18:1] “concerning Maher-shalal-hash-baz.”</ref> That has also been done in many instances in the Bible, e.g., ''laMenî'' “for Meni (god of fate),” and ''laGad'' “for Gad (god of <br />
good fortune),” both in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/isa/65/11#11 Isaiah 65:11], and identified as such in the footnotes of the [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS]] Bible.<ref>The Holy Bible (1979), 939 n. 11ab.</ref> One might also define the lamed in this case as a “lamed of <br />
specification or reference.”<ref>T. Muraoka, “Emphasis in Biblical Hebrew,” 92, as in the list in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/2_chr/5/12#12 2 Chronicles 5:12], and in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/prov/25/3#3 Proverbs 25:3]. Or with the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] emphatic or vocative lamed prefixed, as in Ugaritic ''l'', and Akkadian ''l''©, ''li'', ''la'', meaning “namely,” as in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ps/135/11-12#11 Psalm 135:11-12] ''leSîḥôn . . . leʿÔg'' “namely Siḥon and Og” ([[Ludwig Koehler|Köhler]]-[[Walter Baumgartner|Baumgartner]], [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']], II:510-11; von Soden, [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|''AHw'']], 559b; Dahood distinguishes between vocative and emphatic in [[Journal from the Pontifical Biblical Institute, PBI, Rome.|Biblica]], 47:407).</ref> As Paul Hosskison has suggested, something like this is surely intended by the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''lmlk''-seals (two- and four-winged) found on the <br />
large storage jars placed in strategic Judaean fortresses by King Hezekiah in defensive preparation for a likely [[ASSYRIAN|A<small>SSYRIAN</small>]] invasion. ''Lemelek'' means “royal; belonging to <br />
the king.”<ref>[[David Ussishkin]], “The Destruction of Lachish by Sennacherib and the Dating of the Royal Judean Storage Jars,” Tel Aviv, 4 (1977):28-60.</ref> Nearly all of these [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] prepositional forms and meanings have a close analog in cognate [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] prepositions, ''r-'' and ''n-''.<ref>Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar, 3rd ed., §§ 86B, 100, 158, 178, 180C, 181D, 262, 379:2.</ref><br />
<br />
The weight/value of the sheqel, qdt, and [[LEAH|L<small>EAH</small>]] (here as 1/56th mina = '''L<small>IMNAH'''</small>) are well matched<ref>The Classical [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]] simply equated the qdt-weight with their sheqel, and marked them with Hieratic numerals of a type fixed already in the 9th or 10th centuries at the latest.</ref> – despite the way in which a normative [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] might have dealt <br />
with this issue, since we are not dealing with [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIANS</small>]], but with a derivative system in [[ISRAEL|I<small>SRAEL</small>]] and [[JUDAH|J<small>UDAH</small>]],<ref>See S. Wimmer, Palästinisches Hieratisch, Ägypten und Altes Testament 75.</ref> and then later among the [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITES</small>]] under King [[MOSIAH|M<small>OSIAH</small>]] II. <br />
Pricing and relative value is all-important here, i.e., metals or their equivalents being weighed out in payment for grain, or vice-versa. The ratio and proportion is the <br />
thing, the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]] being free to adapt earlier systems to their own needs without hindrance from any formal [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] practice.<br />
<br />
As a practical matter, this meant that, in the eighth & seventh centuries B.C. (probably earlier), the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]] redefined the [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Hieratic decimal numerals 5, 10, <br />
20, 30, and 40, as 4, 8, 16, 24, and 32, on their sheqel weights, i.e., they used the [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Hieratic numerals but reinterpreted them – while retaining the same <br />
proportions. Below the 8-sheqel weight were the fractional weights, 1, 2, and 4 (also in Hieratic), obtained by halving, and above the 8-sheqel level each weight was <br />
enlarged by 8. As Bill Dever notes, the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]] “basic module” here was the 8-sheqel weight = 1 [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] diban (= 10 qdt/kite).<ref>W. Dever in P. Achtemeier, ed., Harper's Bible Dictionary, 1128-1129, and Tables B & C (at the same time, the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]] had altered the Mesopotamiansexagesimal system to their own overall quinquagesimal system); M. Powell in Freedman, ed., Anchor Bible Dictionary, VI:906-907, presents deviations from these norms, but the exceptions effectively prove the rule.</ref> The proportional sequence for <br />
each system may be correlated and displayed as follows:<ref>Cf. [[John W. Welch]] in [[Journal of Book of Mormon Studies|''JBMS'']], 8/2 (1999):36-46; [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]] in [[Donald W. Parry|Parry]], [[Daniel C. Peterson|Peterson]], and [[John W. Welch|Welch]], eds., Echoes and Evidences of the Book of Mormon, 348-350, citing J. B. Pritchard, ed., [[James B. Pritchard, ed. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. 3rd ed. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1969.|''ANET'']], 3rd ed., 161; and [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]], “The Laws of Eshnunna and Nephite Economics,” [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Update #121, Insights (Dec 1998):2, reprinted in [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]] & [[Melvin J. Thorne]], eds., Pressing Forward with the Book of Mormon, 147-149.</ref><br />
<br />
(original table)<br />
[[EGYPT)|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70<br />
[[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]] 1 2 4 8 16 24 32 40 48 56<br />
[[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] ⅛ ¼ ½ 1 1½ 2 4 7<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|Egyptian <br />
|<br />
|1 <br />
|2 <br />
|5 <br />
|10<br />
| <br />
|20 <br />
|30 <br />
|40 <br />
|50 <br />
|60 <br />
|70<br />
|-<br />
|Israelite <br />
|<br />
|1 <br />
|2 <br />
|4 <br />
|8<br />
| <br />
|16 <br />
|24 <br />
|32 <br />
|40 <br />
|48 <br />
|56<br />
|-<br />
|Nephite <br />
|⅛ <br />
|¼ <br />
|½ <br />
|1 <br />
|1½ <br />
|2<br />
| <br />
|4 <br />
|<br />
| <br />
|7<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In other words, the [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] system was virtually the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]]-[[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] system, with only a few changes – mostly in nomenclature.<ref>P. Rytting, “Mosiah2,”in [[Daniel H. Ludlow|D. Ludlow]], ed., Encyclopedia of Mormonism, II:960; reprinted in [[Daniel H. Ludlow|Ludlow]], [[Kent S. Brown|Brown]], and [[John W. Welch|Welch]], eds., To All the World, 190; cf. [[John Gee]] in [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Review of Books, 5 (1993):180.</ref> The Bible never gives a hint of the <br />
use of [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Hieratic on [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]] weights, and, even as recently as forty years ago, most scholars were unaware that professional, [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]]-speaking [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]] scribes <br />
wrote the Hieratic found at Tel Arad VII, at Kadesh-Barnea,<ref>Rainey, “The Saga of Eliashib,” Biblical Archaeology Review, 13/2 (Mar-Apr 1987):37,39.</ref> and in the Samaria Ostraca.<ref>Ivan Kaufman, “Samaria Ostraca,” in D. Freedman, ed., [[David Freedman, ed. Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, 1992.|''ABD'']], V:923.</ref><br />
<br />
See [[ANTION|A<small>NTION</small>]], [[SENINE|S<small>ENINE</small>]], [[SEON|S<small>EON</small>]], [[SHUM|S<small>HUM</small>]].<br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐢𐐆𐐣𐐤𐐂 (lɪmnɑː)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
'''Bibliography'''<br />
----<br />
[[David Freedman, ed. Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, 1992.|''ABD'']] = David Noel Freedman, ed., ''Anchor Bible Dictionary'', 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, <br />
1992.<br />
<br />
[[William F. Albright|Albright, William F.]] The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography, [[American Oriental Society|AOS]] 5. New<br />
Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1934. [[William F. Albright, The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography. AOS 5. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1934/ reprint Millwood, N.Y., 1974.|''VESO'']]<br />
<br />
[[William F. Albright|Albright, William F.]] The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim, III: The Iron Age, ''[[Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research|AASOR]]'' 21–22.<br />
New Haven: American Schools of Oriental Research, 1943.<br />
<br />
[[F. Brown, S. Driver, and C. Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1907 /1968.|''BDB'']] = Brown, Francis, S. R. Driver, and Charles Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English<br />
Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907/1959. [[F. Brown, S. Driver, and C. Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1907 /1968.|''BDB'']].<br />
<br />
[[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''CAD'']] = Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the<br />
Univ. of Chicago (Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956– ).<br />
<br />
Dever, William G. “Weights and Measures,” Harper’s Bible Dictionary, [[Society of Biblical Literature|SBL]], ed. P. J.<br />
Achtemeier, 1126–1131, and Tables. S.F.: HarperSanFrancisco, 1985).<br />
<br />
[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Staff. “Weights and Measures in the Time of Mosiah II,” [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Preliminary<br />
Report [[FARMS Staff|STF]]-83. Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 1983.<br />
<br />
Gardiner, Alan H. Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs,<br />
3rd ed. Oxford: Griffith Institute, Ashmolean Museum, 1957.<br />
<br />
Gurney, O. R. The Hittites, rev. ed. Penguin, 1990.<br />
<br />
Hoch, James E. Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate<br />
Period. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1994.<br />
<br />
Kaufman, Ivan T. “Samaria Ostraca,” in D. Freedman, ed., [[David Freedman, ed. Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, 1992.|''ABD'']], V:921–926.<br />
<br />
[[Ludwig Koehler|Koehler, Ludwig]], and [[Walter Baumgartner]]. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old<br />
Testament, 5 vols., revised by [[Walter Baumgartner|W. Baumgartner]] & Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']]<br />
<br />
Lilyquist, Christine. “The Objects Mentioned in the Texts,” in Royal Gifts in the Late<br />
Bronze Age Fourteenth to Thirteenth Centuries B.C.E.: Selected Texts Recording Gifts to Royal Personages, Beer-Sheva, XIII. Beer-Sheva: Ben Gurion <br />
Univ. of the Negev Press, 1999.<br />
<br />
[[Daniel H. Ludlow|Ludlow, Daniel H.]], [[Kent S. Brown|S. Kent Brown]], and [[John W. Welch]], eds. To All the World. Provo:<br />
[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2000.<br />
<br />
Muraoka, Takamitsu. “Emphasis in Biblical Hebrew,” doctoral thesis. Jerusalem:<br />
Hebrew University in Jerusalem, 1969.<br />
<br />
[[Donald W. Parry|Parry, Donald]], [[Daniel C. Peterson|Daniel Peterson]], and [[John W. Welch]], eds. Echoes and Evidences. Provo:<br />
[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2002.<br />
<br />
Powell, Marvin A., Jr. “Weights & Measures,” Anchor Bible Dictionary, 6 vols., ed. D. N.<br />
Freedman, VI:897–908. Doubleday, 1992.<br />
<br />
Rainey, Anson F. “The Saga of Eliashib,” Biblical Archaeology Review, 13/2 (Mar–Apr <br />
1987):37,39.<br />
<br />
[[George Reynolds|Reynolds, George]], and [[Janne M. Sjodahl]], Commentary on the Book of Mormon, 7 vols.,<br />
P. C. Reynolds, ed. [[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: Deseret Book, 1955–1961. [[George Reynolds and Janne M. Sjodahl, Commentary on the Book of Mormon. P. C. Reynolds, ed. 7 vols. SLC: Deseret Book, 1955–1961.|''CBM'']]<br />
<br />
Rytting, Paul. “Mosiah2,” Encyclopedia of Mormonism, 5 vols., ed. [[Daniel H. Ludlow|Daniel Ludlow]], II:960–<br />
961. N.Y.: Macmillan, 1992 = reprinted in To All the World, ed. [[Daniel H. Ludlow|D. H. Ludlow]], [[Kent S. Brown|S. K. Brown]], and [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]], 189–190. Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2000.<br />
<br />
Stern, Ephraim. “Weights and Measures,” Encyclopaedia Judaica, 1st ed., ed. C. Roth,<br />
16:376–388. Jerusalem: Carta/ N.Y.: Macmillan, 1972.<br />
<br />
The Holy Bible. “Appendix: Bible Dictionary,” 599–793. [[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: Church of Jesus Christ of<br />
Latter-day Saints/Intellectual Reserve, 1979.<br />
<br />
[[David Ussishkin|Ussishkin, David]]. “The Destruction of Lachish by Sennacherib and the Dating of the<br />
Royal Judean Storage Jars,” Tel Aviv, 4 (1977):28–60.<br />
<br />
Von Soden, W. ''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch'', 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–<br />
1981. [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|AHw]]<br />
<br />
[[John W. Welch|Welch, John W.]] “The Laws of Eshnunna and Nephite Economics,” [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Update<br />
#121, Insights (Dec 1998):2.<br />
<br />
[[John W. Welch|Welch, John W.]], and [[Melvin J. Thorne]], eds. Pressing Forward with the Book of Mormon.<br />
Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 1999.<br />
<br />
[[John W. Welch|Welch, John W.]] “A Steady Stream of Significant Recognitions,” Echoes and Evidences of<br />
the Book of Mormon, eds. [[Donald W. Parry|D. W. Parry]], [[Daniel C. Peterson|D. C. Peterson]], and [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]], 331–387. Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2002.<br />
<br />
Wimmer, Stefan. Palästinisches Hieratisch: Die Zahl- und Sonderzeichen in der alt-<br />
hebräischen Schrift. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2008.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">[[Robert F. Smith|RFS]]</div><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite noun]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=LIMNAH&diff=12011
LIMNAH
2015-02-10T19:39:12Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite noun|Lehite noun]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|Largest [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] gold-measure, equivalent in value to one silver [[ONTI(ES)|O<small>NTI(ES)</small>]] ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/11.5,10?lang=eng#4 Alma 11:5,10]).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
Since the Book of Mormon was apparently written in [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] script, and since the phonemes ''l'', ''n'', and ''r'' frequently interchange among [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] & [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] cognates <br />
and loanwords,<ref>[[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''n''(''i'') “of,” ''n'' “to, for” > Dem. ''n'' > Coptic ''n'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''l''-, ''ʾel'' (Arab. l-); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''iyr'', “stag; doe”> Dem. ''1ywr'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ʾayîl''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] (''s'')''#r'', ''i#r'', <br />
''#ry'' “(cause) to ascend, mount up”; ''#rtyw'' “they who ascend” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] (''he'')''ʿelā'', ''ʿôlîm'' (Arab. ''ʿalāʾ'', Assyr. ''elû''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''#gn'' “calf” > Copt. ''aol'' (Gk. αγολ) <br />
= [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ʿēgel''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''#grt'' “wagon, cart” > Dem. ''#klt'' > Copt. ''aolte'', ''akolte'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ʿagālā'' (Arab. ''ʿajala''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''fnḫ'' “split”; ''png'' “detach” > Dem. <br />
''plk'', ''pnq'' > Copt. ''pols'', ''ple'' , ''pre'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''pillēg'' (Arab. ''falaja''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''pr'' “bean; fava bean” > Copt. ''phel'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''pôl'' (Arab. f©l); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''mrḥw'', <br />
''mrḥm'' “salt” > Copt. ''moulh'', ''malh'', ''mlah'', ''merh'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''melaḥ''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''mktr'' “tower” > Copt. ''metol'', ''miktwl'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''migdol'' (Gk. µς(∗Τ8≅<, Arab. <br />
''mjdūl''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''ns'' “tongue; language” > Dem. ls > Copt. ''las'', ''les'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''lašôn'' (Arab. ''lisān'', Akkad. ''liš∼nu''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''nšm''(''t'') “green felspar” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] <br />
''lešem'' “precious stone”; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''rhbw'' “heat of fire” > Dem. ''lhb'' > Copt. ''lhwb'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''lāhab'' (Arab. ''lahab''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''ḥsmn'' “bronze” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]]''ḥašmal'', ''ḥašman''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''ḫnmt'' “reddish jasper” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ʾaḥlāmā''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''snm'' “locust” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''sālʿām''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''q1rt'', ''qrit'' “bolt, padlock” > Dem. ''ql1t'' > <br />
Copt. ''kele'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''kēlēʿ''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''qrr'' “burnt-offering”> Dem. ''gll'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''kālîl''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''qrt'' “vessel” > Copt. ''alaht'', ''kalaht'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''qallaḥat'' <br />
“cauldron”; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''knm'' “wrap up, a garment” > Dem. ''glmlm'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''gālam''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''grt'', ''grgy''(''t'') “kidney” > Copt. ''alwt'', ''looe'', ''loote'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''kelîyôt'' “kidneys” (Ug. ''klyt''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''d1rt'' “bitter gourd” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ṣeʿēl''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''d1rt'' “a fruit” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ṣeʿelîm'' “bough” ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/job/40/21#21 Job 40:21] – Humbert, ZAW, 62 [1950], 206); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''bnti'' > ''blti'' > Coptic ''bilti'' “thigh.”</ref> we may possibly have here a variant pronunciation of [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''nimnā'' “be counted, numbered, reckoned, assigned” ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/isa/53/12#12 Isaiah 53:12]; [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/mosiah/14/12#12 Mosiah 14:12]),<ref>[[Ludwig Koehler|Ludwig Köhler]]-[[Walter Baumgartner|Walter Baumgartner]], [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament'']], II:599; [[F. Brown, S. Driver, and C. Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1907 /1968.|''A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament'']], 584; cf. [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/13/16#16 Genesis 13:16] ''limnôt . . . yîmmāne''; [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_kgs/3/8#8 1 Kings 3:8] ''yîmmāne 2yîssāper''; 8:5 ''yîmmānû''; [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/eccl/1/15#15 Ecclesiastes 1:15] ''lehimmānôt''; in nominal form as [[Geographical Name|GN]] Timnā “Portion, Territory” ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/38/12-14#12 Genesis 38:12-14], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/josh/15/10,57#10 Joshua 15:10,57], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/josh/19/43#43 19:43], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/judg/14/1,2,5#1 Judges 14:1,2,5], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/2_chr/28/18#18 2 Chronicles 28:18]) = <br />
[[Septuaginta. Alfred Rahlfs, ed. 8th ed. Stuttgart: Württembergische Bibelanstalt, 1965.|LXX]] 1∀µ<∀. Indeed, since both [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] and [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''n-'' are also nominal prefixes (Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar, 3rd ed., § 276; [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament'']], II:656), it is also <br />
possible that this was assumed to be its proper form and meaning by the time of King [[MOSIAH|M<small>OSIAH</small>]] II.</ref> <br />
a niphal verbal form of [[King James Version|KJV]] ''maneh'' ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezek/45/12#12 Ezekiel 45:12], capitalized as “Maneh” in 1611 [[King James Version|KJV]]), the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] weight-measure ''māne'' (translated “pounds” at [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_kgs/10/17#17 1 Kings 10:17], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezra/2/69#69 Ezra 2:69], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/neh/7/70-72#70 Nehemiah 7:70–72]) = Ugaritic ''mn'', ''mana'', Arabic ''mny'', ''mnw'', Old South Arabic ''mnw'', and Akkadian ''manû'', transliterated in ancient [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] as ''man-nu2'' <br />
“mina weight.”<ref>Hoch, Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts, #162 (p. 127): Dyn. 19/20; cites [[William F. Albright|Albright]], [[William F. Albright, The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography. AOS 5. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1934/ reprint Millwood, N.Y., 1974.|''The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography'']], IX.C.2 (citing Burchardt 452).</ref> Some Akkadian verbal forms of ''manû'' are very similar to '''L<small>IMNAH</small>'''<ref>Cf. the verbal precative forms in Akkadian, ''limnu'', ''limnanni'', ''limannu'', “may he count”; W. von Soden, [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch'']], 604, cited in [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Staff, “Weights and Measures in the Time of Mosiah II,” Preliminary Report [[FARMS Staff|STF]]-83; [[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''Chicago Assyrian Dictionary'']], “L” 10:219-221.</ref> – from the same root as the general ancient Near Eastern mina-weight <br />
(''manum''/ MA.NA, ca. 500 gm in ancient Mesopotamian usage), which ranged from 40 to 60 times the weight of a sheqel (varying from 11.4 gm among the Classical <br />
[[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]],<ref>Note the 400-sheqel (=8 mina) weight of 4,565 gm found at Tell Beit Mirsim by [[William F. Albright|Albright]] (8th century B.C., Iron II, stratum A – ''[[Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research|AASOR]]'', 21-22:76-78, plate 57 dil), which is very close to the 4,780 gm basalt weight found near Taanach, which N. Avigad and R. B. Y. Scott likewise interpret in light of [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/23/16#16 Genesis 23:16] as a standard 400-sheqel weight (E. Stern, “Weights and Measures,” Encyclopaedia Judaica, 16:382-383,387-388, citing Scott, [[Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research|''BASOR'']], 32:35).</ref> to the 8.4 ''gm'' [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''qdt'' or Canaanite sheqel<ref>Gurney, The Hittites, 68; this would be in line with the 22 sheqel pair of pure gold earrings from Ramesses II to the Queen of Ḫatti = 8 ⅓ gm Canaanite sheqel (or [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''qdt'') weight – Christine Lilyquist, “The Objects Mentioned in the Texts,” in Royal Gifts in the Late Bronze Age Fourteenth to Thirteenth Centuries B.C.E.: Selected Texts Recording Gifts to Royal Personages, Beer-Sheva, XIII:218.</ref>). The mina-weight also appears twice in Aramaic as ''mene''- in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/dan/5/25-28#25 Daniel 5:25-28], where it is placed <br />
poetically with the weights sheqel and peres, and is part of the prophetic punning and rhyme scheme there.<ref>“Bible Dictionary,” in “Appendix” to The Holy Bible ([[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints/Intellectual Reserve, 1979), 731 ([https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bd/mene-mene-tekel-upharsin?lang=eng&letter=m mene mene tekel upharsin]).</ref><br />
<br />
[[George Reynolds|Reynolds]] & [[Janne M. Sjodahl|Sjodahl]] suggested that prepositional [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''l-'' (lamed) had been prefixed to nominal ''māne'', thus meaning something like “for a maneh,”<ref>[[George Reynolds|Reynolds]] & [[Janne M. Sjodahl|Sjodahl]], [[George Reynolds and Janne M. Sjodahl, Commentary on the Book of Mormon. P. C. Reynolds, ed. 7 vols. SLC: Deseret Book, 1955–1961.|''Commentary on the Book of Mormon'']], 282.</ref> or “according <br />
to a maneh,”<ref>[[Ludwig Koehler|Köhler]]-[[Walter Baumgartner|Baumgartner]], [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament'']], II:509:20, thus dividing a whole into its parts, as in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/1/11,25#11 Genesis 1:11,25], ''lemînô'', ''lemînā'' “according to its kind,” or [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/num/4/29#29 Numbers 4:29], “according to their families,” etc.</ref> or “concerning a maneh”<ref>[[Ludwig Koehler|Köhler]]-[[Walter Baumgartner|Baumgartner]], [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament'']], II:510:25, in inscriptions and titles, as in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezek/37/16#16 Ezekiel 37:16] “For Judah [''lÎhûdā''], and for the children of Israel his companions; . . . , For Joseph [''leYôsēp''], the stick of Ephraim,” or [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/isa/8/1 Isaiah 8:1], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/2_ne/18/1#1 2 Nephi 18:1] “concerning Maher-shalal-hash-baz.”</ref> That has also been done in many instances in the Bible, e.g., ''laMenî'' “for Meni (god of fate),” and ''laGad'' “for Gad (god of <br />
good fortune),” both in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/isa/65/11#11 Isaiah 65:11], and identified as such in the footnotes of the [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS]] Bible.<ref>The Holy Bible (1979), 939 n. 11ab.</ref> One might also define the lamed in this case as a “lamed of <br />
specification or reference.”<ref>T. Muraoka, “Emphasis in Biblical Hebrew,” 92, as in the list in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/2_chr/5/12#12 2 Chronicles 5:12], and in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/prov/25/3#3 Proverbs 25:3]. Or with the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] emphatic or vocative lamed prefixed, as in Ugaritic ''l'', and Akkadian ''l''©, ''li'', ''la'', meaning “namely,” as in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ps/135/11-12#11 Psalm 135:11-12] ''leSîḥôn . . . leʿÔg'' “namely Siḥon and Og” ([[Ludwig Koehler|Köhler]]-[[Walter Baumgartner|Baumgartner]], [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament'']], II:510-11; von Soden, [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch'']], 559b; Dahood distinguishes between vocative and emphatic in [[Journal from the Pontifical Biblical Institute, PBI, Rome.|Biblica]], 47:407).</ref> As Paul Hosskison has suggested, something like this is surely intended by the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''lmlk''-seals (two- and four-winged) found on the <br />
large storage jars placed in strategic Judaean fortresses by King Hezekiah in defensive preparation for a likely [[ASSYRIAN|A<small>SSYRIAN</small>]] invasion. ''Lemelek'' means “royal; belonging to <br />
the king.”<ref>[[David Ussishkin]], “The Destruction of Lachish by Sennacherib and the Dating of the Royal Judean Storage Jars,” Tel Aviv, 4 (1977):28-60.</ref> Nearly all of these [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] prepositional forms and meanings have a close analog in cognate [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] prepositions, ''r-'' and ''n-''.<ref>Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar, 3rd ed., §§ 86B, 100, 158, 178, 180C, 181D, 262, 379:2.</ref><br />
<br />
The weight/value of the sheqel, qdt, and [[LEAH|L<small>EAH</small>]] (here as 1/56th mina = '''L<small>IMNAH'''</small>) are well matched<ref>The Classical [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]] simply equated the qdt-weight with their sheqel, and marked them with Hieratic numerals of a type fixed already in the 9th or 10th centuries at the latest.</ref> – despite the way in which a normative [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] might have dealt <br />
with this issue, since we are not dealing with [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIANS</small>]], but with a derivative system in [[ISRAEL|I<small>SRAEL</small>]] and [[JUDAH|J<small>UDAH</small>]],<ref>See S. Wimmer, Palästinisches Hieratisch, Ägypten und Altes Testament 75.</ref> and then later among the [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITES</small>]] under King [[MOSIAH|M<small>OSIAH</small>]] II. <br />
Pricing and relative value is all-important here, i.e., metals or their equivalents being weighed out in payment for grain, or vice-versa. The ratio and proportion is the <br />
thing, the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]] being free to adapt earlier systems to their own needs without hindrance from any formal [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] practice.<br />
<br />
As a practical matter, this meant that, in the eighth & seventh centuries B.C. (probably earlier), the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]] redefined the [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Hieratic decimal numerals 5, 10, <br />
20, 30, and 40, as 4, 8, 16, 24, and 32, on their sheqel weights, i.e., they used the [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Hieratic numerals but reinterpreted them – while retaining the same <br />
proportions. Below the 8-sheqel weight were the fractional weights, 1, 2, and 4 (also in Hieratic), obtained by halving, and above the 8-sheqel level each weight was <br />
enlarged by 8. As Bill Dever notes, the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]] “basic module” here was the 8-sheqel weight = 1 [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] diban (= 10 qdt/kite).<ref>W. Dever in P. Achtemeier, ed., Harper's Bible Dictionary, 1128-1129, and Tables B & C (at the same time, the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]] had altered the Mesopotamiansexagesimal system to their own overall quinquagesimal system); M. Powell in Freedman, ed., Anchor Bible Dictionary, VI:906-907, presents deviations from these norms, but the exceptions effectively prove the rule.</ref> The proportional sequence for <br />
each system may be correlated and displayed as follows:<ref>Cf. [[John W. Welch]] in [[Journal of Book of Mormon Studies|''JBMS'']], 8/2 (1999):36-46; [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]] in [[Donald W. Parry|Parry]], [[Daniel C. Peterson|Peterson]], and [[John W. Welch|Welch]], eds., Echoes and Evidences of the Book of Mormon, 348-350, citing J. B. Pritchard, ed., [[James B. Pritchard, ed. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. 3rd ed. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1969.|''Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament'']], 3rd ed., 161; and [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]], “The Laws of Eshnunna and Nephite Economics,” [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Update #121, Insights (Dec 1998):2, reprinted in [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]] & [[Melvin J. Thorne]], eds., Pressing Forward with the Book of Mormon, 147-149.</ref><br />
<br />
(original table)<br />
[[EGYPT)|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70<br />
[[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]] 1 2 4 8 16 24 32 40 48 56<br />
[[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] ⅛ ¼ ½ 1 1½ 2 4 7<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|Egyptian <br />
|<br />
|1 <br />
|2 <br />
|5 <br />
|10<br />
| <br />
|20 <br />
|30 <br />
|40 <br />
|50 <br />
|60 <br />
|70<br />
|-<br />
|Israelite <br />
|<br />
|1 <br />
|2 <br />
|4 <br />
|8<br />
| <br />
|16 <br />
|24 <br />
|32 <br />
|40 <br />
|48 <br />
|56<br />
|-<br />
|Nephite <br />
|⅛ <br />
|¼ <br />
|½ <br />
|1 <br />
|1½ <br />
|2<br />
| <br />
|4 <br />
|<br />
| <br />
|7<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In other words, the [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] system was virtually the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]]-[[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] system, with only a few changes – mostly in nomenclature.<ref>P. Rytting, “Mosiah2,”in [[Daniel H. Ludlow|D. Ludlow]], ed., Encyclopedia of Mormonism, II:960; reprinted in [[Daniel H. Ludlow|Ludlow]], [[Kent S. Brown|Brown]], and [[John W. Welch|Welch]], eds., To All the World, 190; cf. [[John Gee]] in [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Review of Books, 5 (1993):180.</ref> The Bible never gives a hint of the <br />
use of [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Hieratic on [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]] weights, and, even as recently as forty years ago, most scholars were unaware that professional, [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]]-speaking [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]] scribes <br />
wrote the Hieratic found at Tel Arad VII, at Kadesh-Barnea,<ref>Rainey, “The Saga of Eliashib,” Biblical Archaeology Review, 13/2 (Mar-Apr 1987):37,39.</ref> and in the Samaria Ostraca.<ref>Ivan Kaufman, “Samaria Ostraca,” in D. Freedman, ed., [[David Freedman, ed. Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, 1992.|''Anchor Bible Dictionary'']], V:923.</ref><br />
<br />
See [[ANTION|A<small>NTION</small>]], [[SENINE|S<small>ENINE</small>]], [[SEON|S<small>EON</small>]], [[SHUM|S<small>HUM</small>]].<br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐢𐐆𐐣𐐤𐐂 (lɪmnɑː)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
'''Bibliography'''<br />
----<br />
[[David Freedman, ed. Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, 1992.|''ABD'']] = David Noel Freedman, ed., ''Anchor Bible Dictionary'', 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, <br />
1992.<br />
<br />
[[William F. Albright|Albright, William F.]] The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography, [[American Oriental Society|AOS]] 5. New<br />
Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1934. [[William F. Albright, The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography. AOS 5. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1934/ reprint Millwood, N.Y., 1974.|''VESO'']]<br />
<br />
[[William F. Albright|Albright, William F.]] The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim, III: The Iron Age, ''[[Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research|AASOR]]'' 21–22.<br />
New Haven: American Schools of Oriental Research, 1943.<br />
<br />
[[F. Brown, S. Driver, and C. Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1907 /1968.|''BDB'']] = Brown, Francis, S. R. Driver, and Charles Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English<br />
Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907/1959. [[F. Brown, S. Driver, and C. Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1907 /1968.|''BDB'']].<br />
<br />
[[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''CAD'']] = Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the<br />
Univ. of Chicago (Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956– ).<br />
<br />
Dever, William G. “Weights and Measures,” Harper’s Bible Dictionary, [[Society of Biblical Literature|SBL]], ed. P. J.<br />
Achtemeier, 1126–1131, and Tables. S.F.: HarperSanFrancisco, 1985).<br />
<br />
[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Staff. “Weights and Measures in the Time of Mosiah II,” [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Preliminary<br />
Report [[FARMS Staff|STF]]-83. Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 1983.<br />
<br />
Gardiner, Alan H. Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs,<br />
3rd ed. Oxford: Griffith Institute, Ashmolean Museum, 1957.<br />
<br />
Gurney, O. R. The Hittites, rev. ed. Penguin, 1990.<br />
<br />
Hoch, James E. Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate<br />
Period. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1994.<br />
<br />
Kaufman, Ivan T. “Samaria Ostraca,” in D. Freedman, ed., [[David Freedman, ed. Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, 1992.|''ABD'']], V:921–926.<br />
<br />
[[Ludwig Koehler|Koehler, Ludwig]], and [[Walter Baumgartner]]. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old<br />
Testament, 5 vols., revised by [[Walter Baumgartner|W. Baumgartner]] & Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']]<br />
<br />
Lilyquist, Christine. “The Objects Mentioned in the Texts,” in Royal Gifts in the Late<br />
Bronze Age Fourteenth to Thirteenth Centuries B.C.E.: Selected Texts Recording Gifts to Royal Personages, Beer-Sheva, XIII. Beer-Sheva: Ben Gurion <br />
Univ. of the Negev Press, 1999.<br />
<br />
[[Daniel H. Ludlow|Ludlow, Daniel H.]], [[Kent S. Brown|S. Kent Brown]], and [[John W. Welch]], eds. To All the World. Provo:<br />
[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2000.<br />
<br />
Muraoka, Takamitsu. “Emphasis in Biblical Hebrew,” doctoral thesis. Jerusalem:<br />
Hebrew University in Jerusalem, 1969.<br />
<br />
[[Donald W. Parry|Parry, Donald]], [[Daniel C. Peterson|Daniel Peterson]], and [[John W. Welch]], eds. Echoes and Evidences. Provo:<br />
[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2002.<br />
<br />
Powell, Marvin A., Jr. “Weights & Measures,” Anchor Bible Dictionary, 6 vols., ed. D. N.<br />
Freedman, VI:897–908. Doubleday, 1992.<br />
<br />
Rainey, Anson F. “The Saga of Eliashib,” Biblical Archaeology Review, 13/2 (Mar–Apr <br />
1987):37,39.<br />
<br />
[[George Reynolds|Reynolds, George]], and [[Janne M. Sjodahl]], Commentary on the Book of Mormon, 7 vols.,<br />
P. C. Reynolds, ed. [[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: Deseret Book, 1955–1961. [[George Reynolds and Janne M. Sjodahl, Commentary on the Book of Mormon. P. C. Reynolds, ed. 7 vols. SLC: Deseret Book, 1955–1961.|''CBM'']]<br />
<br />
Rytting, Paul. “Mosiah2,” Encyclopedia of Mormonism, 5 vols., ed. [[Daniel H. Ludlow|Daniel Ludlow]], II:960–<br />
961. N.Y.: Macmillan, 1992 = reprinted in To All the World, ed. [[Daniel H. Ludlow|D. H. Ludlow]], [[Kent S. Brown|S. K. Brown]], and [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]], 189–190. Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2000.<br />
<br />
Stern, Ephraim. “Weights and Measures,” Encyclopaedia Judaica, 1st ed., ed. C. Roth,<br />
16:376–388. Jerusalem: Carta/ N.Y.: Macmillan, 1972.<br />
<br />
The Holy Bible. “Appendix: Bible Dictionary,” 599–793. [[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: Church of Jesus Christ of<br />
Latter-day Saints/Intellectual Reserve, 1979.<br />
<br />
[[David Ussishkin|Ussishkin, David]]. “The Destruction of Lachish by Sennacherib and the Dating of the<br />
Royal Judean Storage Jars,” Tel Aviv, 4 (1977):28–60.<br />
<br />
Von Soden, W. ''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch'', 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–<br />
1981. [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|AHw]]<br />
<br />
[[John W. Welch|Welch, John W.]] “The Laws of Eshnunna and Nephite Economics,” [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Update<br />
#121, Insights (Dec 1998):2.<br />
<br />
[[John W. Welch|Welch, John W.]], and [[Melvin J. Thorne]], eds. Pressing Forward with the Book of Mormon.<br />
Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 1999.<br />
<br />
[[John W. Welch|Welch, John W.]] “A Steady Stream of Significant Recognitions,” Echoes and Evidences of<br />
the Book of Mormon, eds. [[Donald W. Parry|D. W. Parry]], [[Daniel C. Peterson|D. C. Peterson]], and [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]], 331–387. Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2002.<br />
<br />
Wimmer, Stefan. Palästinisches Hieratisch: Die Zahl- und Sonderzeichen in der alt-<br />
hebräischen Schrift. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2008.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">[[Robert F. Smith|RFS]]</div><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite noun]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=LIMNAH&diff=12010
LIMNAH
2015-02-10T19:11:41Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite noun|Lehite noun]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|Largest [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] gold-measure, equivalent in value to one silver [[ONTI(ES)|O<small>NTI(ES)</small>]] ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/11.5,10?lang=eng#4 Alma 11:5,10]).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
Since the Book of Mormon was apparently written in [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] script, and since the phonemes ''l'', ''n'', and ''r'' frequently interchange among [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] & [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] cognates <br />
and loanwords,<ref>[[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''n''(''i'') “of,” ''n'' “to, for” > Dem. ''n'' > Coptic ''n'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''l''-, ''ʾel'' (Arab. l-); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''iyr'', “stag; doe”> Dem. ''1ywr'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ʾayîl''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] (''s'')''#r'', ''i#r'', <br />
''#ry'' “(cause) to ascend, mount up”; ''#rtyw'' “they who ascend” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] (''he'')''ʿelā'', ''ʿôlîm'' (Arab. ''ʿalāʾ'', Assyr. ''elû''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''#gn'' “calf” > Copt. ''aol'' (Gk. αγολ) <br />
= [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ʿēgel''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''#grt'' “wagon, cart” > Dem. ''#klt'' > Copt. ''aolte'', ''akolte'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ʿagālā'' (Arab. ''ʿajala''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''fnḫ'' “split”; ''png'' “detach” > Dem. <br />
''plk'', ''pnq'' > Copt. ''pols'', ''ple'' , ''pre'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''pillēg'' (Arab. ''falaja''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''pr'' “bean; fava bean” > Copt. ''phel'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''pôl'' (Arab. f©l); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''mrḥw'', <br />
''mrḥm'' “salt” > Copt. ''moulh'', ''malh'', ''mlah'', ''merh'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''melaḥ''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''mktr'' “tower” > Copt. ''metol'', ''miktwl'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''migdol'' (Gk. µς(∗Τ8≅<, Arab. <br />
''mjdūl''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''ns'' “tongue; language” > Dem. ls > Copt. ''las'', ''les'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''lašôn'' (Arab. ''lisān'', Akkad. ''liš∼nu''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''nšm''(''t'') “green felspar” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] <br />
''lešem'' “precious stone”; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''rhbw'' “heat of fire” > Dem. ''lhb'' > Copt. ''lhwb'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''lāhab'' (Arab. ''lahab''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''ḥsmn'' “bronze” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]]''ḥašmal'', ''ḥašman''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''ḫnmt'' “reddish jasper” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ʾaḥlāmā''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''snm'' “locust” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''sālʿām''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''q1rt'', ''qrit'' “bolt, padlock” > Dem. ''ql1t'' > <br />
Copt. ''kele'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''kēlēʿ''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''qrr'' “burnt-offering”> Dem. ''gll'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''kālîl''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''qrt'' “vessel” > Copt. ''alaht'', ''kalaht'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''qallaḥat'' <br />
“cauldron”; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''knm'' “wrap up, a garment” > Dem. ''glmlm'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''gālam''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''grt'', ''grgy''(''t'') “kidney” > Copt. ''alwt'', ''looe'', ''loote'' = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''kelîyôt'' “kidneys” (Ug. ''klyt''); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''d1rt'' “bitter gourd” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ṣeʿēl''; [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''d1rt'' “a fruit” = [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ṣeʿelîm'' “bough” ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/job/40/21#21 Job 40:21] – Humbert, ZAW, 62 [1950], 206); [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''bnti'' > ''blti'' > Coptic ''bilti'' “thigh.”</ref> we may possibly have here a variant pronunciation of [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''nimnā'' “be counted, numbered, reckoned, assigned” ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/isa/53/12#12 Isaiah 53:12]; [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/mosiah/14/12#12 Mosiah 14:12]),<ref>[[Ludwig Koehler|Ludwig Köhler]]-[[Walter Baumgartner|Walter Baumgartner]], [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament'']], II:599; [[F. Brown, S. Driver, and C. Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1907 /1968.|''A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament'']], 584; cf. [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/13/16#16 Genesis 13:16] ''limnôt . . . yîmmāne''; [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_kgs/3/8#8 1 Kings 3:8] ''yîmmāne 2yîssāper''; 8:5 ''yîmmānû''; [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/eccl/1/15#15 Ecclesiastes 1:15] ''lehimmānôt''; in nominal form as [[Geographical Name|GN]] Timnā “Portion, Territory” ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/38/12-14#12 Genesis 38:12-14], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/josh/15/10,57#10 Joshua 15:10,57], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/josh/19/43#43 19:43], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/judg/14/1,2,5#1 Judges 14:1,2,5], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/2_chr/28/18#18 2 Chronicles 28:18]) = <br />
[[Septuaginta. Alfred Rahlfs, ed. 8th ed. Stuttgart: Württembergische Bibelanstalt, 1965.|LXX]] 1∀µ<∀. Indeed, since both [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] and [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''n-'' are also nominal prefixes (Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar, 3rd ed., § 276; [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']], II:656), it is also <br />
possible that this was assumed to be its proper form and meaning by the time of King [[MOSIAH|M<small>OSIAH</small>]] II.</ref> <br />
a niphal verbal form of [[King James Version|KJV]] ''maneh'' ([http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezek/45/12#12 Ezekiel 45:12], capitalized as “Maneh” in 1611 [[King James Version|KJV]]), the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] weight-measure ''māne'' (translated “pounds” at [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_kgs/10/17#17 1 Kings 10:17], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezra/2/69#69 Ezra 2:69], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/neh/7/70-72#70 Nehemiah 7:70–72]) = Ugaritic ''mn'', ''mana'', Arabic ''mny'', ''mnw'', Old South Arabic ''mnw'', and Akkadian ''manû'', transliterated in ancient [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] as ''man-nu2'' <br />
“mina weight.”<ref>Hoch, Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts, #162 (p. 127): Dyn. 19/20; cites [[William F. Albright|Albright]], [[William F. Albright, The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography. AOS 5. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1934/ reprint Millwood, N.Y., 1974.|''VESO'']], IX.C.2 (citing Burchardt 452).</ref> Some Akkadian verbal forms of ''manû'' are very similar to '''L<small>IMNAH</small>'''<ref>Cf. the verbal precative forms in Akkadian, ''limnu'', ''limnanni'', ''limannu'', “may he count”; W. von Soden, [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|AHw]], 604, cited in [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Staff, “Weights and Measures in the Time of Mosiah II,” Preliminary Report [[FARMS Staff|STF]]-83; [[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''CAD'']], “L” 10:219-221.</ref> – from the same root as the general ancient Near Eastern mina-weight <br />
(''manum''/ MA.NA, ca. 500 gm in ancient Mesopotamian usage), which ranged from 40 to 60 times the weight of a sheqel (varying from 11.4 gm among the Classical <br />
[[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]],<ref>Note the 400-sheqel (=8 mina) weight of 4,565 gm found at Tell Beit Mirsim by [[William F. Albright|Albright]] (8th century B.C., Iron II, stratum A – ''[[Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research|AASOR]]'', 21-22:76-78, plate 57 dil), which is very close to the 4,780 gm basalt weight found near Taanach, which N. Avigad and R. B. Y. Scott likewise interpret in light of [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/23/16#16 Genesis 23:16] as a standard 400-sheqel weight (E. Stern, “Weights and Measures,” Encyclopaedia Judaica, 16:382-383,387-388, citing Scott, [[Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research|''BASOR'']], 32:35).</ref> to the 8.4 ''gm'' [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''qdt'' or Canaanite sheqel<ref>Gurney, The Hittites, 68; this would be in line with the 22 sheqel pair of pure gold earrings from Ramesses II to the Queen of Ḫatti = 8 ⅓ gm Canaanite sheqel (or [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''qdt'') weight – Christine Lilyquist, “The Objects Mentioned in the Texts,” in Royal Gifts in the Late Bronze Age Fourteenth to Thirteenth Centuries B.C.E.: Selected Texts Recording Gifts to Royal Personages, Beer-Sheva, XIII:218.</ref>). The mina-weight also appears twice in Aramaic as ''mene''- in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/dan/5/25-28#25 Daniel 5:25-28], where it is placed <br />
poetically with the weights sheqel and peres, and is part of the prophetic punning and rhyme scheme there.<ref>“Bible Dictionary,” in “Appendix” to The Holy Bible ([[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints/Intellectual Reserve, 1979), 731 ([https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bd/mene-mene-tekel-upharsin?lang=eng&letter=m mene mene tekel upharsin]).</ref><br />
<br />
[[George Reynolds|Reynolds]] & [[Janne M. Sjodahl|Sjodahl]] suggested that prepositional [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''l-'' (lamed) had been prefixed to nominal ''māne'', thus meaning something like “for a maneh,”<ref>[[George Reynolds|Reynolds]] & [[Janne M. Sjodahl|Sjodahl]], [[George Reynolds and Janne M. Sjodahl, Commentary on the Book of Mormon. P. C. Reynolds, ed. 7 vols. SLC: Deseret Book, 1955–1961.|''CBM'']], 282.</ref> or “according <br />
to a maneh,”<ref>[[Ludwig Koehler|Köhler]]-[[Walter Baumgartner|Baumgartner]], [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']], II:509:20, thus dividing a whole into its parts, as in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/1/11,25#11 Genesis 1:11,25], ''lemînô'', ''lemînā'' “according to its kind,” or [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/num/4/29#29 Numbers 4:29], “according to their families,” etc.</ref> or “concerning a maneh”<ref>[[Ludwig Koehler|Köhler]]-[[Walter Baumgartner|Baumgartner]], [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']], II:510:25, in inscriptions and titles, as in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezek/37/16#16 Ezekiel 37:16] “For Judah [''lÎhûdā''], and for the children of Israel his companions; . . . , For Joseph [''leYôsēp''], the stick of Ephraim,” or [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/isa/8/1 Isaiah 8:1], [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/2_ne/18/1#1 2 Nephi 18:1] “concerning Maher-shalal-hash-baz.”</ref> That has also been done in many instances in the Bible, e.g., ''laMenî'' “for Meni (god of fate),” and ''laGad'' “for Gad (god of <br />
good fortune),” both in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/isa/65/11#11 Isaiah 65:11], and identified as such in the footnotes of the [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS]] Bible.<ref>The Holy Bible (1979), 939 n. 11ab.</ref> One might also define the lamed in this case as a “lamed of <br />
specification or reference.”<ref>T. Muraoka, “Emphasis in Biblical Hebrew,” 92, as in the list in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/2_chr/5/12#12 2 Chronicles 5:12], and in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/prov/25/3#3 Proverbs 25:3]. Or with the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] emphatic or vocative lamed prefixed, as in Ugaritic ''l'', and Akkadian ''l''©, ''li'', ''la'', meaning “namely,” as in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ps/135/11-12#11 Psalm 135:11-12] ''leSîḥôn . . . leʿÔg'' “namely Siḥon and Og” ([[Ludwig Koehler|Köhler]]-[[Walter Baumgartner|Baumgartner]], [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']], II:510-11; von Soden, [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|AHw]], 559b; Dahood distinguishes between vocative and emphatic in [[Journal from the Pontifical Biblical Institute, PBI, Rome.|Biblica]], 47:407).</ref> As Paul Hosskison has suggested, something like this is surely intended by the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''lmlk''-seals (two- and four-winged) found on the <br />
large storage jars placed in strategic Judaean fortresses by King Hezekiah in defensive preparation for a likely [[ASSYRIAN|A<small>SSYRIAN</small>]] invasion. ''Lemelek'' means “royal; belonging to <br />
the king.”<ref>[[David Ussishkin]], “The Destruction of Lachish by Sennacherib and the Dating of the Royal Judean Storage Jars,” Tel Aviv, 4 (1977):28-60.</ref> Nearly all of these [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] prepositional forms and meanings have a close analog in cognate [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] prepositions, ''r-'' and ''n-''.<ref>Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar, 3rd ed., §§ 86B, 100, 158, 178, 180C, 181D, 262, 379:2.</ref><br />
<br />
The weight/value of the sheqel, qdt, and [[LEAH|L<small>EAH</small>]] (here as 1/56th mina = '''L<small>IMNAH'''</small>) are well matched<ref>The Classical [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]] simply equated the qdt-weight with their sheqel, and marked them with Hieratic numerals of a type fixed already in the 9th or 10th centuries at the latest.</ref> – despite the way in which a normative [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] might have dealt <br />
with this issue, since we are not dealing with [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIANS</small>]], but with a derivative system in [[ISRAEL|I<small>SRAEL</small>]] and [[JUDAH|J<small>UDAH</small>]],<ref>See S. Wimmer, Palästinisches Hieratisch, Ägypten und Altes Testament 75.</ref> and then later among the [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITES</small>]] under King [[MOSIAH|M<small>OSIAH</small>]] II. <br />
Pricing and relative value is all-important here, i.e., metals or their equivalents being weighed out in payment for grain, or vice-versa. The ratio and proportion is the <br />
thing, the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]] being free to adapt earlier systems to their own needs without hindrance from any formal [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] practice.<br />
<br />
As a practical matter, this meant that, in the eighth & seventh centuries B.C. (probably earlier), the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]] redefined the [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Hieratic decimal numerals 5, 10, <br />
20, 30, and 40, as 4, 8, 16, 24, and 32, on their sheqel weights, i.e., they used the [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Hieratic numerals but reinterpreted them – while retaining the same <br />
proportions. Below the 8-sheqel weight were the fractional weights, 1, 2, and 4 (also in Hieratic), obtained by halving, and above the 8-sheqel level each weight was <br />
enlarged by 8. As Bill Dever notes, the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]] “basic module” here was the 8-sheqel weight = 1 [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] diban (= 10 qdt/kite).<ref>W. Dever in P. Achtemeier, ed., Harper's Bible Dictionary, 1128-1129, and Tables B & C (at the same time, the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]] had altered the Mesopotamiansexagesimal system to their own overall quinquagesimal system); M. Powell in Freedman, ed., Anchor Bible Dictionary, VI:906-907, presents deviations from these norms, but the exceptions effectively prove the rule.</ref> The proportional sequence for <br />
each system may be correlated and displayed as follows:<ref>Cf. [[John W. Welch]] in [[Journal of Book of Mormon Studies|''JBMS'']], 8/2 (1999):36-46; [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]] in [[Donald W. Parry|Parry]], [[Daniel C. Peterson|Peterson]], and [[John W. Welch|Welch]], eds., Echoes and Evidences of the Book of Mormon, 348-350, citing J. B. Pritchard, ed., [[James B. Pritchard, ed. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. 3rd ed. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1969.|''ANET'']], 3rd ed., 161; and [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]], “The Laws of Eshnunna and Nephite Economics,” [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Update #121, Insights (Dec 1998):2, reprinted in [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]] & [[Melvin J. Thorne]], eds., Pressing Forward with the Book of Mormon, 147-149.</ref><br />
<br />
(original table)<br />
[[EGYPT)|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70<br />
[[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]] 1 2 4 8 16 24 32 40 48 56<br />
[[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] ⅛ ¼ ½ 1 1½ 2 4 7<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|Egyptian <br />
|<br />
|1 <br />
|2 <br />
|5 <br />
|10<br />
| <br />
|20 <br />
|30 <br />
|40 <br />
|50 <br />
|60 <br />
|70<br />
|-<br />
|Israelite <br />
|<br />
|1 <br />
|2 <br />
|4 <br />
|8<br />
| <br />
|16 <br />
|24 <br />
|32 <br />
|40 <br />
|48 <br />
|56<br />
|-<br />
|Nephite <br />
|⅛ <br />
|¼ <br />
|½ <br />
|1 <br />
|1½ <br />
|2<br />
| <br />
|4 <br />
|<br />
| <br />
|7<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In other words, the [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] system was virtually the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]]-[[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] system, with only a few changes – mostly in nomenclature.<ref>P. Rytting, “Mosiah2,”in [[Daniel H. Ludlow|D. Ludlow]], ed., Encyclopedia of Mormonism, II:960; reprinted in [[Daniel H. Ludlow|Ludlow]], [[Kent S. Brown|Brown]], and [[John W. Welch|Welch]], eds., To All the World, 190; cf. [[John Gee]] in [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Review of Books, 5 (1993):180.</ref> The Bible never gives a hint of the <br />
use of [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Hieratic on [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]] weights, and, even as recently as forty years ago, most scholars were unaware that professional, [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]]-speaking [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]] scribes <br />
wrote the Hieratic found at Tel Arad VII, at Kadesh-Barnea,<ref>Rainey, “The Saga of Eliashib,” Biblical Archaeology Review, 13/2 (Mar-Apr 1987):37,39.</ref> and in the Samaria Ostraca.<ref>Ivan Kaufman, “Samaria Ostraca,” in D. Freedman, ed., [[David Freedman, ed. Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, 1992.|''ABD'']], V:923.</ref><br />
<br />
See [[ANTION|A<small>NTION</small>]], [[SENINE|S<small>ENINE</small>]], [[SEON|S<small>EON</small>]], [[SHUM|S<small>HUM</small>]].<br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐢𐐆𐐣𐐤𐐂 (lɪmnɑː)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
'''Bibliography'''<br />
----<br />
[[David Freedman, ed. Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, 1992.|''ABD'']] = David Noel Freedman, ed., ''Anchor Bible Dictionary'', 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, <br />
1992.<br />
<br />
[[William F. Albright|Albright, William F.]] The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography, [[American Oriental Society|AOS]] 5. New<br />
Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1934. [[William F. Albright, The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography. AOS 5. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1934/ reprint Millwood, N.Y., 1974.|''VESO'']]<br />
<br />
[[William F. Albright|Albright, William F.]] The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim, III: The Iron Age, ''[[Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research|AASOR]]'' 21–22.<br />
New Haven: American Schools of Oriental Research, 1943.<br />
<br />
[[F. Brown, S. Driver, and C. Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1907 /1968.|''BDB'']] = Brown, Francis, S. R. Driver, and Charles Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English<br />
Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907/1959. [[F. Brown, S. Driver, and C. Briggs, eds. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1907 /1968.|''BDB'']].<br />
<br />
[[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''CAD'']] = Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the<br />
Univ. of Chicago (Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956– ).<br />
<br />
Dever, William G. “Weights and Measures,” Harper’s Bible Dictionary, [[Society of Biblical Literature|SBL]], ed. P. J.<br />
Achtemeier, 1126–1131, and Tables. S.F.: HarperSanFrancisco, 1985).<br />
<br />
[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Staff. “Weights and Measures in the Time of Mosiah II,” [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Preliminary<br />
Report [[FARMS Staff|STF]]-83. Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 1983.<br />
<br />
Gardiner, Alan H. Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs,<br />
3rd ed. Oxford: Griffith Institute, Ashmolean Museum, 1957.<br />
<br />
Gurney, O. R. The Hittites, rev. ed. Penguin, 1990.<br />
<br />
Hoch, James E. Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate<br />
Period. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1994.<br />
<br />
Kaufman, Ivan T. “Samaria Ostraca,” in D. Freedman, ed., [[David Freedman, ed. Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, 1992.|''ABD'']], V:921–926.<br />
<br />
[[Ludwig Koehler|Koehler, Ludwig]], and [[Walter Baumgartner]]. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old<br />
Testament, 5 vols., revised by [[Walter Baumgartner|W. Baumgartner]] & Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']]<br />
<br />
Lilyquist, Christine. “The Objects Mentioned in the Texts,” in Royal Gifts in the Late<br />
Bronze Age Fourteenth to Thirteenth Centuries B.C.E.: Selected Texts Recording Gifts to Royal Personages, Beer-Sheva, XIII. Beer-Sheva: Ben Gurion <br />
Univ. of the Negev Press, 1999.<br />
<br />
[[Daniel H. Ludlow|Ludlow, Daniel H.]], [[Kent S. Brown|S. Kent Brown]], and [[John W. Welch]], eds. To All the World. Provo:<br />
[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2000.<br />
<br />
Muraoka, Takamitsu. “Emphasis in Biblical Hebrew,” doctoral thesis. Jerusalem:<br />
Hebrew University in Jerusalem, 1969.<br />
<br />
[[Donald W. Parry|Parry, Donald]], [[Daniel C. Peterson|Daniel Peterson]], and [[John W. Welch]], eds. Echoes and Evidences. Provo:<br />
[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2002.<br />
<br />
Powell, Marvin A., Jr. “Weights & Measures,” Anchor Bible Dictionary, 6 vols., ed. D. N.<br />
Freedman, VI:897–908. Doubleday, 1992.<br />
<br />
Rainey, Anson F. “The Saga of Eliashib,” Biblical Archaeology Review, 13/2 (Mar–Apr <br />
1987):37,39.<br />
<br />
[[George Reynolds|Reynolds, George]], and [[Janne M. Sjodahl]], Commentary on the Book of Mormon, 7 vols.,<br />
P. C. Reynolds, ed. [[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: Deseret Book, 1955–1961. [[George Reynolds and Janne M. Sjodahl, Commentary on the Book of Mormon. P. C. Reynolds, ed. 7 vols. SLC: Deseret Book, 1955–1961.|''CBM'']]<br />
<br />
Rytting, Paul. “Mosiah2,” Encyclopedia of Mormonism, 5 vols., ed. [[Daniel H. Ludlow|Daniel Ludlow]], II:960–<br />
961. N.Y.: Macmillan, 1992 = reprinted in To All the World, ed. [[Daniel H. Ludlow|D. H. Ludlow]], [[Kent S. Brown|S. K. Brown]], and [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]], 189–190. Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2000.<br />
<br />
Stern, Ephraim. “Weights and Measures,” Encyclopaedia Judaica, 1st ed., ed. C. Roth,<br />
16:376–388. Jerusalem: Carta/ N.Y.: Macmillan, 1972.<br />
<br />
The Holy Bible. “Appendix: Bible Dictionary,” 599–793. [[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: Church of Jesus Christ of<br />
Latter-day Saints/Intellectual Reserve, 1979.<br />
<br />
[[David Ussishkin|Ussishkin, David]]. “The Destruction of Lachish by Sennacherib and the Dating of the<br />
Royal Judean Storage Jars,” Tel Aviv, 4 (1977):28–60.<br />
<br />
Von Soden, W. ''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch'', 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–<br />
1981. [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|AHw]]<br />
<br />
[[John W. Welch|Welch, John W.]] “The Laws of Eshnunna and Nephite Economics,” [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]] Update<br />
#121, Insights (Dec 1998):2.<br />
<br />
[[John W. Welch|Welch, John W.]], and [[Melvin J. Thorne]], eds. Pressing Forward with the Book of Mormon.<br />
Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 1999.<br />
<br />
[[John W. Welch|Welch, John W.]] “A Steady Stream of Significant Recognitions,” Echoes and Evidences of<br />
the Book of Mormon, eds. [[Donald W. Parry|D. W. Parry]], [[Daniel C. Peterson|D. C. Peterson]], and [[John W. Welch|J. W. Welch]], 331–387. Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2002.<br />
<br />
Wimmer, Stefan. Palästinisches Hieratisch: Die Zahl- und Sonderzeichen in der alt-<br />
hebräischen Schrift. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2008.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">[[Robert F. Smith|RFS]]</div><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite noun]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=LURAM&diff=12009
LURAM
2015-02-09T21:31:13Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite PN|Lehite PN]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|[[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] soldier, 4th c. AD ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/moro/9.2?lang=eng#1 Moroni 9:2])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
The name element ''lrm'' forms part of an Aramaic [[Personal Name|PN]], ''ʼdnlrm'', found on a seal during the Hama, Syria, excavations. The same [[Personal Name|PN]] “is known from graffiti on three eighth-century bricks from” Hama. Nahman Avigad with some uncertainty transliterates the name as “Adanluram.” <ref>Nahman Avigad, ''Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals'', revised and completed by Benjamin Sass (Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1997), 285, n. 760. [[John A. Tvedtnes|John Tvedtnes]], [[John Gee]], and [[Matthew Roper]] first drew attention to this name in [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS]] circles in their article, “Book of Mormon Names Attested in Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions,” [[Journal of Book of Mormon Studies|''JBMS'']] 9/1 (2000):49.</ref> This Aramaic [[Personal Name|PN]] appears to consist of three parts, ''ʼdn'', which means “master” or “lord;” '' l'', which is probably the precative<ref>For the use of ''lû'' as a precative particle, see [[Wilhelm Gesenius, Gesenius' Hebrew grammar. E. Kautzsch, ed. A. Cowley trans. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1910/ reprint Dover, 2006.|''Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar'']] §159''l'',''m'', and ''x''.</ref> or asseverative particle ''lû'', and the stative verb '' rūm'',<ref>The same stative verb ''rūm'' appears in the biblical names Ram ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/ruth/4.19?lang=eng#18 Ruth 4:19]) and Abram.</ref> meaning “lifted up, exalted.” '''L<small>URAM</small>''' would then mean in the precative “May he be exalted” ([[Paul Y. Hoskisson|PYH]]), or in the asseverative, “Surely he is exalted” ([[John A. Tvedtnes|JAT]]).<br />
<br />
Less likely is a mixed name containing the Sumerian word for “man,” LÚ, and the Akkadian word for “exalted,” ''rām''. Such mixing of languages in ancient Near Eastern names is rather unlikely.<ref>I am not aware of a single instance of mixed language names. The Akkadian word ''lumaḫḫu'', a high ranking priest or purification priest ([[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''Chicago Assyrian Dictionary'']] L 9:244) is not a name; it is a title. And it is not a mixed name because both elements, ''lu'' and ''maḫ'' are borrowed from Sumerian into Akkadian.</ref><br />
<br />
Much less likely is a derivation from Akkadian ''lurmû'' “pomegranate (tree).”<ref>[[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''Chicago Assyrian Dictionary'']] L, 9:255.</ref><br />
<br />
See [[RAMEUMPTOM|R<small>AMEUMPTOM</small>]], [[RAMAH|R<small>AMAH</small>]], [[RAMATH|R<small>AMATH</small>]].<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">[[Stephen D. Ricks|SDR]] and [[Paul Y. Hoskisson|PYH]]</div><br />
<br />
See also [[Luram / Laram Variants]]<br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
[[Luram / Laram Variants|Laram]]<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐢𐐆𐐅𐐡𐐊𐐣 (lɪuːrʌm)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite PN]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=MANTI&diff=12008
MANTI
2015-02-05T19:22:40Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite GN|Lehite GN]]'''<br />
|1. <br />
|Hill of, on which [[NEHOR|N<small>EHOR</small>]] is executed, 1<sup>st</sup> cent. B.C. ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/1.15?lang=eng#14 Alma 1:15])<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite PN|Lehite PN]]'''<br />
|2. <br />
|[[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] soldier sent to watch [[AMLICITES|A<small>MLICITES</small>]], 1<sup>st</sup> cent. B.C. ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/2.22?lang=eng#21 Alma 2:22])<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite GN|Lehite GN]]'''<br />
|3. <br />
|[[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] land of, on southern border with [[LAMANITE(S)|L<small>AMANITES</small>]] ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/16.6,%207?lang=eng#5 Alma 16:6, 7]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/17.1?lang=eng#primary 17:1]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/22.27?lang=eng#26 22:27]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/43.22,%2024,%2025,%2032,%2042?lang=eng#21 43:22, 24, 25, 32, 42]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/59.6?lang=eng#5 59:6])<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|4.<br />
|[[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] city of, chief city of land of [[MANTI|M<small>ANTI</small>]] ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/56.14?lang=eng#13 56:14 (x2)]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/57.22?lang=eng#21 57:22]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/58.1,%2013,%2025,%2026,%2027,%2028,%2039?lang=eng#primary 58:1, 13, 25, 26, 27, 28, 39]).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
No West Semitic etymologies are apparent, below are some other suggestions.<br />
<br />
Such a name is unlikely to be Northwest Semitic due to the -''nt''- constant combination. In such a case, the -''n''- should assimilate to the -''t''-.<br />
<br />
[[Hugh W. Nibley|Hugh Nibley]] compared the ancient [[EGYPTIAN(S)|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] [[Personal Name|PN]] Manti-Mankhi, a prince in Upper [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPT</small>]] ca. 650 B.C.<ref>[[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]], [[Hugh W. Nibley, "Lehi in the Desert; The World of the Jaredites; There Were Jaredites." John W. Welch, Darrell L. Matthews, and Stephen R. Callister, eds. Collected Works of Hugh Nibley. 5. Salt Lake City/Provo: Deseret Book/FARMS, 1988.|''Lehi in the Desert'']], 29.</ref> referring to the Neo-Assyrian spelling ''Manti'', in this case the [[Personal Name|PN]] in cuneiform ''Manti-m-eḫē'' < [[EGYPTIAN(S)|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] [[Personal Name|PN]] ''Mnṯw-m-ḥ3t'' "Month-is-satisfied," or cryptographic ''Mnṯw-mḥjt'' "Month-of-the-North," with hieroglyphs showing the [[EGYPTIAN(S)|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] god Month sitting down, holding a sail.<ref>Takács, [[Gábor Takács, Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian. 3 vols. HdO Leiden: Brill, 1999, 2001, 2007.|''Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian'']] III:3; cf. Zauzich, ''Hieroglyphs Without Mystery'', 30, 92.</ref> [[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]] recognized that the name includes a late form of the [[EGYPTIAN(S)|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] [[Divine Name|DN]] Month/Montu/Mntw, known in Greek as Hermonthis (cf. [[HERMOUNTS|H<small>ERMOUNTS</small>]]).<ref>[[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]], [[Hugh W. Nibley, "Lehi in the Desert; The World of the Jaredites; There Were Jaredites." John W. Welch, Darrell L. Matthews, and Stephen R. Callister, eds. Collected Works of Hugh Nibley. 5. Salt Lake City/Provo: Deseret Book/FARMS, 1988.|''Lehi in the Desert'']], 29.</ref> He also lists the forms of Manti, Monti, Menedi, etc., but especially the [[EGYPTIAN(S)|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] name of a Hittite city, Manda.<ref>[[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]] , [[Hugh Nibley, An Approach to the Book of Mormon. 3rd ed. Collected Works of Hugh Nibley 6. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, FARMS, 1988.|''An Approach to the Book of Mormon'']], 138.</ref>Unlikely is [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''mnty'' "my portion," again because the -''n''- should assimilate to the -''t''- in Northwest Semitic ([[John A. Tvedtnes|JAT]]).<br />
<br />
Also unlikely are the suggestions that it is [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''man''' "something mysterious,"<ref>[[George Reynolds|Reynolds]], ''Dictionary of the Book of Mormon'', 304.</ref> and that it relates "to prophets or oracles."<ref>[[George Reynolds|Reynolds]], ''Story of the Book of Mormon'', 299.</ref> ([[Paul Y. Hoskisson|PYH]])<br />
<br />
See [[HERMOUNTS|H<small>ERMOUNTS</small>]].<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">[[Robert F. Smith|RFS]]</div><br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐣𐐈𐐤𐐓𐐌 (mæntaɪ)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
'''Bibliography'''<br />
----<br />
Nibley, Hugh W. ''Lehi in the Desert and the World of the Jaredites'', 2<sup>nd</sup> ed., [[The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley. 19 vols. SLC: FARMS/Deseret, 1986-2010.|''CWHN'']] V. [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]]/Deseret, 1988. [[Hugh W. Nibley, "Lehi in the Desert; The World of the Jaredites; There Were Jaredites." John W. Welch, Darrell L. Matthews, and Stephen R. Callister, eds. Collected Works of Hugh Nibley. 5. Salt Lake City/Provo: Deseret Book/FARMS, 1988.|''LID'']]<br />
<br />
Nibley, Hugh W. ''An Approach to the Book of Mormon'', 3<sup>rd</sup> ed., [[The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley. 19 vols. SLC: FARMS/Deseret, 1986-2010.|''CWHN'']] VI. [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]]/Deseret, 1988. [[Hugh Nibley, An Approach to the Book of Mormon. 3rd ed. Collected Works of Hugh Nibley 6. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, FARMS, 1988.|''ABM'']]<br />
<br />
Nibley, Hugh W. ''Since Cumorah: The Book of Mormon in the Modern World''. [[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: Deseret Book, 1967 = ''Collected Works of Hugh Nibley'' VII. [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]]/Deseret, 1988. [[Hugh W. Nibley, Since Cumorah: The Book of Mormon in the Modern World. 1st ed. SLC: Deseret Book, 1967.; 2nd ed. CWHN 7. SLC: FARMS/Deseret, 1988.|''SC'']]<br />
<br />
Reynolds, George. ''Dictionary of the Book of Mormon Comprising Its Biographical, Geographical and Other Proper Names''. [[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: J.H. Parry, 1891/Deseret Sunday School Union, 1910/1929/P.C. Reynolds, 1954.<br />
<br />
Reynolds, George. ''Story of the Book of Mormon''. [[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: J.H. Parry, 1888.<br />
<br />
Takács, Gábor. ''Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian'', III. Leiden: Brill, 2007. [[Gábor Takács, Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian. 3 vols. HdO Leiden: Brill, 1999, 2001, 2007.|''EDE'']] III<br />
<br />
Zauzich, Karl-Theodor. ''Hieroglyphs Without Mystery: An Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Writing'', trans., A. Roth. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite PN]][[Category:Lehite GN]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=MIDIAN&diff=12007
MIDIAN
2015-02-05T19:14:04Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Biblical GN|Biblical GenN]]'''<br />
|1. <br />
|Ancient Near Eastern people mentioned in the [[ISAIAH|I<small>SAIAH</small>]] section of 2 Nephi ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/2-ne/20.26?lang=eng#25 2 Nephi 20:26] = [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/isa/10.26?lang=eng#25 Isaiah 10:26])<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite GN|Lehite GN]]'''<br />
|2. <br />
|[[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] land ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/24.5?lang=eng#4 Alma 24:5])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
'''M<small>IDIAN</small>''' in [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/2-ne/20.26?lang=eng#25 2 Nephi 20:26] appears as "Mideon" in the printer's manuscript but then is corrected to '''M<small>IDIAN</small>''' in the 1830 and all subsequent printed editions. In [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/24.5?lang=eng#4 Alma 24:5] the name appears as "Medeon" in the original manuscript; in the printer's manuscript it appears as "Midion" but then is corrected to '''M<small>IDIAN</small>''' in the 1830 and subsequent printed editions. [[Royal J. Skousen|Royal Skousen]] observes that this may be a scribal error by Oliver Cowdery for [[MIDDONI|M<small>IDDONI</small>]], a [[Geographical Name|GN]] that occurs regularly in the book of Alma.<ref>[[Royal J. Skousen|Royal Skousen]], [[Royal Skousen, Analysis of Textual Variants in the Book of Mormon. 6 Parts. Provo, Utah: FARMS, Brigham Young University, 2004-2009.|''Analysis of Textual Variants in the Book of Mormon'']] 4:2102-3.</ref><br />
<br />
See also [[Midian / Mideon Variants]]<br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
[[Midian / Mideon Variants|Mideon]], [[Midian / Mideon Variants|Medeon]], [[Midian / Mideon Variants|Midion]]<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐣𐐆𐐔𐐆𐐊𐐤 (mɪdɪʌn)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Biblical PN]][[Category:Biblical GN]][[Category:Lehite GN]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=MORMON&diff=12006
MORMON
2015-02-05T19:11:43Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite PN|Lehite PN]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|Father of No. 2, ca. 300 AD ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/morm/1.5?lang=eng#4 Mormon 1:5]) <br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|2.<br />
|[[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] prophet and general, son of No. 1, ca. 322–386 AD ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/w-of-m/1.1,%209,%2011?lang=eng#primary Words of Mormon 1:1, 9, 11]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/5.12,%2020?lang=eng#11 3 Nephi 5:12, 20]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/26.12?lang=eng#11 26:12 (x2)]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/28.24?lang=eng#23 28:24]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/4-ne/1.23?lang=eng#22 4 Nephi 1:23]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/morm/1.1,%205?lang=eng#primary Mormon 1:1 (x2), 5]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/morm/2.12?lang=eng#11 2:12]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/morm/3.11?lang=eng#10 3:11]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/morm/4.23?lang=eng#22 4:23]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/morm/5.8?lang=eng#7 5:8]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/morm/6.2,%206?lang=eng#1 6:2, 6]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/morm/8.1,%2013?lang=eng#primary 8:1, 13]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/ether/15.11?lang=eng#10 Ether 15:11]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/moro/7.1,%202?lang=eng#primary Moroni 7:1, 2]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/moro/8.1?lang=eng#primary 8:1]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/moro/9?lang=eng 9:Preface])<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite GN|Lehite GN]]'''<br />
|3.<br />
|Land near the city of [[LEHI-NEPHI|L<small>EHI-NEPHI</small>]], ca. 184 BC ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/18.4,%205,%207,%2016,%2030?lang=eng#3 Mosiah 18:4, 5, 7, 16, 30 (x2)]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/5.3?lang=eng#2 Alma 5:3]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/21.1?lang=eng#primary 21:1]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/5.12?lang=eng#11 3 Nephi 5:12]) <br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|4.<br />
|Forest, situated in land of same name ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/18.30?lang=eng#29 Mosiah 18:30])<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|5.<br />
|Waters, situated in land of same name ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/18.8,%2016,%2030?lang=eng#7 Mosiah 18:8, 16, 30 (x3)]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/25.18?lang=eng#17 25:18]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/26.15?lang=eng#14 26:15]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/5.3?lang=eng#2 Alma 5:3])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
Any discussion of the meaning of the name '''M<small>ORMON</small>''', must start by dealing with a letter published in the ''Times and Seasons'' 4 (15 May 1843): 194, that is attributed to the Prophet Joseph Smith.<br />
<br />
But first a probable explanation of why the letter was written in the first place is in order. In E. D. Howe's 1834 ''Mormonism Unvailed'', it is claimed that "the word ''Mormon'', the name given to his [Joseph Smith's] book, is the English termination of the Greek word'' 'Mormoo,' ''which we find defined in an old, obsolete Dictionary, to mean'' 'bug-bear, hob-goblin, raw head, and bloody bones''.'"<ref>E. D. Howe, ''Mormonism Unvailed'' (Painesville, OH: E. D. Howe, 1834), 21, emphasis in original.</ref> Almost any knowledgeable reader, even in 1834, would have recognized that this definition is not only fabricated but downright silly. Closer in time to the letter in question is this passage from a local Illinois newspaper in 1841: "I will here give you the signification of the word Mormon, and also, book of Mormon, which every person that has read a dictionary of the reformed Egyptian tongue knows to be correct. ''Mormon''—A writer of wicked, absurd, fictitious nonsense, for evil purposes, to make sorcerers. ''Book of Mormon''—A book of gross, fictitious nonsense, wrote by Mormon, for Gazelom's diabolical purposes. ''Mormons''—Anciently in Egypt—a set of black-legs, thieves, robbers, and murderers."<ref>“Communications,” ''Warsaw Signal'', August 11, 1841 (anonymous letter to the editor).</ref> This satirical attempt to define ''Mormon'' is even more fanciful and absurd than E. D. Howe's. Such doggerel regarding ''Mormon'' became the standard fare in the yellow journalism of the times. But no matter how outdated and fetid the nonsense, a reply seems to have been the reason for writing the letter that was published in 1843 in the ''Times and Seasons''.<br />
<br />
And now the letter, which was printed over the name of the Prophet: “I may safely say that the word Mormon stands independent of the learning and wisdom of this generation.—Before I give a definition, however, to the word, let me say that the Bible in its widest sense, means ''good''; for the Savior says according to the gospel of John, ‘I am the ''good'' shepherd;’ and it will not be beyond the common use of terms, to say that good is among the most important in use, and though known by various names in different languages, still its meaning is the same, and is ever in opposition to ''bad''. We say from the Saxon, ''good''; the Dane, ''god''; the Goth, ''goda''; the German, ''gut''; the Dutch, ''goed''; the Latin, ''bonus''; the Greek, ''kalos''; the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]], ''tob''; and the Egyptian, ''mon''. Hence, with the addition of more, or the contraction, ''mor'', we have the word '''M<small>ORMON</small>'''; which means, literally, ''more good''” (''[[Times and Seasons|T&S]]'' 4 [15 May 1843]: 194).<br />
<br />
It is possible that the tone of the letter was at least partially meant to imitate the flippant anti-Mormon literature of the previous ten years. After all, satire is a tempting retort to satire. Although some of the letter might be an application of ''lex talionis'' (an eye for an eye), there is a more salient crux that needs to be addressed.<br />
<br />
The first issue with this statement is that it is not certain Joseph Smith is responsible for all of the content. The Prophet’s journal entry for 20 May 1844 reads, “in the office heard Bro Phelps read a deffinition of the Word of Mormon – More-Good – corrected and sent to press.”<ref> My thanks and appreciation to Andrew Hedges, Church History Library, for calling my attention to this passage. I have quoted the passage from Scott H. Faulring, ''An American Prophet’s Record: The Diaries and Journals of Joseph Smith'' (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1989), p. 378, entry for 20 May 1843.</ref> Unfortunately, not enough information is given to determine which parts of the letter published over Joseph’s signature stem from W. W. Phelps and which parts Joseph corrected. What is certain is that Joseph was not the original author, but that Joseph made changes in the text, and that he gave approval to have it published over his name. This was not the first or last time that W. W. Phelps was a ghostwriter for Joseph.<ref> For W. W. Phelps as a ghost writer for Joseph Smith, see Samuel Brown, “The Translator and the Ghostwriter: Joseph Smith and W. W. Phelps,” ''Journal of Mormon History'', 34/1 (Winter 2008):26-62. See pages 42-42 where Brown discusses this ''Times and Seasons'' passage. See also page 54. Another piece ghostwritten by W.W. Phelps is discussed by Michael Hicks in “Joseph Smith, W. W. Phelps, and the Poetic Paraphrase of ‘The Vision’,” ''Journal of Mormon History'', 20/2 (Fall 1994):63-84.</ref> <br />
B. H. Roberts, when he was compiling the ''Documentary History of the Church'' (hereafter [[B. H. Roberts, A Comprehensive History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: Century I. 6 vols. Salt Lake City: LDS Church 1930.|''HC'']]), also “found evidence that the editor of ''Times and Seasons'', W. W. Phelps, rather than Joseph Smith, wrote this paragraph and that it was ‘based on inaccurate premises and was offensively pedantic.’” He asked for and received permission from the First Presidency to leave the offending paragraph out of the official ''History of the Church'' he was producing.<ref> Truman Madsen, ''Defender of the Faith: The B. H. Roberts Story'' (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1980), 291-292. Madsen cites no source for his information.</ref> In the final version of the [[B. H. Roberts, A Comprehensive History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: Century I. 6 vols. Salt Lake City: LDS Church 1930.|''HC'']], B. H. Roberts introduced the letter with a paraphrase of Joseph’s journal entry, rather frankly writing, “Corrected and sent to the ''Times and Seasons'' the following.” After leaving out all the words after “the learning and wisdom of this generation,” Roberts summarized the last sentence as “The word Mormon, means literally, more good.”<ref> [[B. H. Roberts, A Comprehensive History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: Century I. 6 vols. Salt Lake City: LDS Church 1930.|''HC'']], V:400.</ref> <br />
<br />
But there are other issues with this letter. When the letter states that “the Bible in its widest sense, means ''good'' ,” the writer was not suggesting that the word “Bible” etymologically means ''good''. Rather, the writer was suggesting that the Bible is good and the reading of it promotes good. This certainly is an acceptable metaphorical meaning of “Bible” that no Christian in the 19th century would deny. <br />
<br />
This metaphorical meaning leads to an examination of the phrase, “The word Mormon, means literally, more good.” Just as today, the word ''literally'' was used in 19th century English in the sense of “actually,” “really.”<ref> One example will suffice here. “They then commenced to whip me with large gads which they had for the purpose, and literally mangled me from my shoulders to my knees” ([[B. H. Roberts, A Comprehensive History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: Century I. 6 vols. Salt Lake City: LDS Church 1930.|''HC'']] 4:181). Here, “literally” means flesh wounds, not that his whole upper body was mangled.</ref> In other words, the word “literally” can be understood in the letter to mean “actually” and not necessarily “word-for-word.” Thus, if the Bible, which is true as far as it was transmitted correctly, means “good,” then the Book of Mormon, which was transmitted correctly, must actually mean “more good.” The conclusion can be drawn that “more good” is not a translation of the word “Mormon,” but a metaphorical interpretation in the sense that while the Bible means “good, “Mormon means “more [of the] good,” or possibly “better translated than the Bible.” <br />
<br />
What then is the philological explanation of '''M<small>ORMON</small>'''? Notwithstanding the warning in the letter attributed to Joseph Smith “that the word Mormon stands independent of the learning and wisdom of this generation,”<ref> This statement may refer to the fact that the Restoration, including the bringing forth of the Book of Mormon, was not done by any secular, academic, or scholarly means of our enlightened age. Perhaps this sentence may be the only part of the letter for which Joseph Smith was responsible. </ref> many attempts have been made to provide a sound etymology for '''M<small>ORMON</small>''' based on secular knowledge of ancient Near Eastern languages. The results at best show promise. The following discussion reviews some of the suggestions that have been made.<br />
<br />
The first point to be made is that the name, being mentioned first as a [[Geographical Name|GN]] ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/18.4?lang=eng#3 Mosiah 18:4]) and then later as a [[Personal Name|PN]] ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/5.12?lang=eng#11 3 Nephi 5:12], in which the [[Personal Name|PN]] is explicitly derived from the [[Geographical Name|GN]]), might derive from a descriptive that would be appropriate for both a place and a person. It might be suggested, based on [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/18.4?lang=eng#3 Mosiah 18:4], “a place which was called Mormon, having received its name from the king ... having been infested... by wild beasts,” that '''M<small>ORMON</small>''' could have something to do with “wild beasts.” On the other hand, based on [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/18.5?lang=eng#4 Mosiah 18:5], “there was in Mormon a fountain of pure water,” or based on [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/18.30?lang=eng#29 Mosiah 18:30], “the place of Mormon, the waters of Mormon, the forest of Mormon, how beautiful are they,” '''M<small>ORMON</small>''' might derive from “fountain/spring” or “pure water” or “beautiful/beauty.” <br />
<br />
On a limestone stele of the 19th to 21st [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] dynasty in the Museum of Gizeh the name ''mrmnu'' appears, accompanied by the title “door keeper.” In a yet to be superseded article, W. Spiegelberg, “Zu den semitischen Eigennamen in ägyptischer Umschrift aus der Zeit des ‘neuen Reiches’ (um 1500–1000),” ''Zeitschrift für Assyriologie'' 13 (1898):51, treats the name as Semitic in [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] transcription although he is not certain that it is Semitic, and he does not provide a meaning. He transcribes it into [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] characters with ''mr''/''lmn''(''w''). Spiegelberg’s description of the stele unfortunately does not permit its current identification. Despite various difficulties, such as dating to at least 600 years before [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]] and not having an etymology, this name, ''mrmn'', on an [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] inscription seems like a direct hit, as [[Hugh W. Nibley|Hugh Nibley]] pointed out years ago.<ref> [[Hugh Nibley, An Approach to the Book of Mormon. 3rd ed. Collected Works of Hugh Nibley 6. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, FARMS, 1988.|''An Approach to the Book of Mormon'']], 500, footnote 30 to Chap. 22. [[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]] states that “the common [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''Mr''- means ‘intention, wish, desire.’”</ref> Unfortunately, no immediate etymology suggests itself.<br />
<br />
Nevertheless, [[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]] has also pointed out that ''mrm'', besides appearing in the [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] [[Personal Name|PN]], is attested in [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] and Arabic, and means “desirable” or “good.”<ref> [[Hugh Nibley, An Approach to the Book of Mormon. 3rd ed. Collected Works of Hugh Nibley 6. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, FARMS, 1988.|''An Approach to the Book of Mormon'']], 500, footnote 30 to chapter 22. The hypothetical form *''murmin'' (either as a participle or substantive), based on the Arabic substantive ''rummān'', "pomegranate," and a hypothetical causative stem of the Arabic ''ramā'', "to throw, cast," is difficult to justify becuase of a problematic sound correspondence and uncertain root and verbal forms.</ref> In this case, '''M<small>ORMON</small>''' would consist of the root ''mrm'' plus the common Semitic ending -''ōn'' (often used on [[Geographical Name|GN]]s and [[Personal Name|PN]]s, such as Kidron and [[GIDEON|G<small>IDEON</small>]]). For possible, [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] examples, see the biblical [[Personal Name|PN]] ''mirmâh'' in [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/1-chr/8.10?lang=eng#9 1 Chronicles 8:10] ([[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']] does not offer an etymology; the Septuagint transcribes it as μαρμα), and the [[Personal Name|PN]] ''merēmȏt'' (also of questionable etymology; Septuagint μεραμωθ), the name of a priest in [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/ezra/10.36?lang=eng#35 Ezra 10:36] (=[http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/neh/10.5?lang=eng#4 Nehemiah 10:5]), are possibilities ([[Jo Ann Hackett|JH]]). The name also appears as ''mrmwt'' on a 6th century BC ostracon from Arad.<ref> Arad ostracon # 50. See [[Shmuel Ahituv]], ''Echoes from the Past: Hebrew and Cognate Inscriptions from the Biblical Period'', trans. Anson F. Rainey (Jerusalem: Carta, 2008), p. 149. On page 484 Ahitub explains this [[Personal Name|PN]] as “Blessed by the god Mawt, death.”</ref> Note also the [[Personal Name|PN]] at Ugarit, ''ma-ri-ma-na'' ([[Jo Ann Hackett|JH]]), but the language origin of the name is unknown.<ref> The name appears in the appendix “Liste ungedeuteter oder ihrer sprachlichen Herkunft nach unsicherer Namen,” in [[Frauke Gröndahl]], [[Frauke Gröndahl, Die Personennamen der Texte aus Ugarit. Studia Pohl 1. Rome: Pontifical Bible Institute, 1967.|''Die Personennamen der Texte aus Ugarit'']], p. 304.</ref> <br />
<br />
Ben Urrutia has called attention to [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''mr mn'', “truly beloved,” or “love is established” ([[Biblische Untersuchungen|''BU'']],<ref>[[Ben Urrutia|Urrutia, Ben]] “The Name Connection,” [https://www.lds.org/new-era/1983/06/the-name-connection?lang=eng ''New Era'', June 1983, p 40] See also [[Matthew L. Bowen]] ''"Most Desirable Above All Things": Onomastic Play on Mary and Mormon in the Book of Mormon'' in [http://www.mormoninterpreter.com/most-desirable-above-all-things-onomastic-play-on-mary-and-mormon-in-the-book-of-mormon/ Interpreter: A Journal of Mormon Scripture 13 (2015): 27-61]</ref>), or “strong/firm love” or “love remains steadfast/firm” ([[Robert F. Smith|RFS]]). The translation “love is established forever” brings to memory the words of Paul, “charity never faileth” ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/nt/1-cor/13.8?lang=eng#7 1 Corinthians 13:8]) ([[Biblische Untersuchungen|''BU'']]). Interestingly, it is '''M<small>ORMON</small>''' who uses the same words in a letter written to his son [[MORONI|M<small>ORONI</small>]], adding, “But charity is the pure love of [[CHRIST|C<small>HRIST</small>]], and it endureth forever” ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/moro/7.46,%2047?lang=eng#45 Moroni 7:46–47]) ([[John A. Tvedtnes|JAT]]). <br />
<br />
Less likely is [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''mr'' (> Nubian and Coptic ''mur'', ''mor''), “bind, girth” ([[Robert F. Smith|RFS]]). On the element ''mr'' see [[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]], [[Hugh W. Nibley, Since Cumorah: The Book of Mormon in the Modern World. 1st ed. SLC: Deseret Book, 1967.; 2nd ed. CWHN 7. SLC: FARMS/Deseret, 1988.|''SC'']], 194, n. 107.<br />
<br />
Cf. Book of Mormon [[MORON|M<small>ORON</small>]], [[MORONI|M<small>ORONI</small>]], [[MORONIHAH|M<small>ORONIHAH</small>]], [[MORIANTUM|M<small>ORIANTUM</small>]], [[MORIANTON|M<small>ORIANTON</small>]], et al. Per [[Robert F. Smith|RFS]], see also [[AMMON|A<small>MMON</small>]], [[AMMONIHAH|A<small>MMONIHAH</small>]], [[MOSIAH|M<small>OSIAH</small>]], [[AMMORON|A<small>MMORON</small>]], [[AMORON|A<small>MORON</small>]], [[RAMEUMPTOM|R<small>AMEUMPTOM</small>]]<br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐣𐐃𐐡𐐣𐐊𐐤 (mɔːrmʌn), 𐐣𐐄𐐡𐐣𐐊𐐤 (moʊrmʌn)<br />
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'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
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[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite PN]][[Category:Lehite GN]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=MULEK&diff=12005
MULEK
2015-02-04T22:51:29Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Mulekite PN|Mulekite PN]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|Son of [[ZEDEKIAH|Z<small>EDEKIAH</small>]], king of [[JUDAH|J<small>UDAH</small>]], ca. 590 BC ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/25.2?lang=eng#1 Mosiah 25:2]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/6.10?lang=eng#9 Helaman 6:10]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/8.21?lang=eng#20 8:21]) <br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|2.<br />
|Name of all of the land northward, originally settled by colony which included No. 1 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/6.10?lang=eng#9 Helaman 6:10])<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|3.<br />
|City east of [[ZARAHEMLA|Z<small>ARAHEMLA</small>]] by the seashore and near the cities of [[GID|G<small>ID</small>]] and [[BOUNTIFUL|B<small>OUNTIFUL</small>]], ca. 67 BC ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/51.26?lang=eng#25 Alma 51:26]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/52.2,%2016,%2017,%2019,%2020,%2022,%2026,%2028,%2034?lang=eng#1 52:2, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 26, 28, 34]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/53.2,%206?lang=eng#1 53:2, 6]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/5.15?lang=eng#14 Helaman 5:15])<br />
|}<br />
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'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
This entry will treat the two most likely spellings of this name, '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' and [[Mulek / Muloch Variants|M<small>ULOCH</small>]], independently, even though the spellings may not represent different individuals, but simply spelling variants of the same name. The texts actually contain four slightly different spellings: The city name, found only in the books of [[ALMA|A<small>LMA</small>]] and [[HELAMAN|H<small>ELAMAN</small>]], is consistently spelled ''Mulek''. The descriptor of the ''Land Northward'', a hapax that occurs only in [https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/6.10?lang=eng Helaman 6:10], is written ''Mulek'' in the printer’s manuscript through the 2013 edition. The only deviation from the current standard spelling, ''Mulek'', occurs with the three occurrences of the [[Personal Name|PN]]. The first time it occurs in the Book of Mormon, in [https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/25.2?lang=eng#1 Mosiah 25:2], it is spelled ''Muloch'' in the printer’s manuscript. In the 1830-1852 printings, and in all [[Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (now the Community of Christ)|RLDS]] editions, ''Mulok'' appears. The spelling was changed in the 1879 [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS]] edition to ''Mulek'' and has remained ''Mulek'' through the 2013 [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS]] edition. When the [[Personal Name|PN]] occurs again, in [https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/6.10?lang=eng#9 Helaman 6:10] (the second occurrence), the printer’s manuscript originally had ''Muleh'' but the ''h'' is overwritten with a ''k'' (probably immediately), producing the correction ''Mulek'', followed by the 1830 through the 2013 editions. In [https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/8.21?lang=eng#20 Helaman 8:21], the third and final appearance of the [[Personal Name|PN]], it is spelled consistently ''Mulek'' in the printer’s manuscript through the 2013 edition.<br />
<br />
As [[Royal Skousen]] has noted, “It is, of course, theoretically possible that the Book of Mormon is referring to two different individuals: [[Mulek / Muloch Variants|M<small>ULOCH</small>]], an ancestor of [[ZARAHEMLA|Z<small>ARAHEMLA</small>]], in the book of [[MOSIAH|M<small>OSIAH</small>]]; and '''M<small>ULEK</small>''', a son of king [[ZEDEKIAH|Z<small>EDEKIAH</small>]], in the book of [[HELAMAN|H<small>ELAMAN</small>]].”<ref>''[[Royal Skousen, Analysis of Textual Variants in the Book of Mormon. 6 Parts. Provo, Utah: FARMS, Brigham Young University, 2004-2009.|''Analysis of Textual Variants in the Book of Mormon'']]'' 3:1464.</ref> Therefore, in the interest of completeness this onomasticon entry will treat the two most promising spellings, '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' and [[Mulek / Muloch Variants|M<small>ULOCH</small>]], as different names belonging to two different persons, even though it is more likely that they are textual variants of one and the same [[Personal Name|PN]].<br />
<br />
The common Semitic root ''mlk'', which in West Semitic means “to reign (''malāk''), king (''melek''),” and in East Semitic, “to counsel (''malāku''), counselor (''malku''),” provides the most likely etymology for '''M<small>ULEK</small>'''.<ref>This suggested has been made long ago; see [[Ariel L. Crowley|Ariel Crowley]], “The Escape of Mulek,” ''Improvement Era'', May 1955, p. 324; and [[Janne M. Sjodahl|Sjodahl]], ''Authenticity of the Book of Mormon'', p. 11.</ref> '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' was the son of [[ZEDEKIAH|Z<small>EDEKIAH</small>]] ([https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/6.10?lang=eng Helaman 6:10], [https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/8.21?lang=eng#20 8:21]), the king in [[JERUSALEM|J<small>ERUSALEM</small>]] when [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]] left.<ref> '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' came with a party of people to the New World, disembarking in the Land Northward ([https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/6.10?lang=eng Helaman 6:10]). At least some of the descendants of that group migrated southward to found [[ZARAHEMLA|Z<small>ARAHEMLA</small>]] ([https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/25.2?lang=eng#1 Mosiah 25:2]), where Mosiah<sub>1</sub> and his people found them.</ref><br />
<br />
It is very tempting to read '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' as a shortened form, perhaps a hypocoristicon, of a longer name. For example, from the same time period, the days of [[ZEDEKIAH|Z<small>EDEKIAH</small>]], the name ''Malchiah'' in [https://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/jer/38.6?lang=eng#5 Jeremiah 38:6], reads in Hebrew ''malkiyahû'' and means “Yahweh is (my) king.” It has been proposed by some scholars that Malchiah may have been the son of [[ZEDEKIAH|Z<small>EDEKIAH</small>]],<ref>Yohanan Aharoni, "Three Hebrew Ostraca from Arad." ''[[Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research|BASOR]]'' No. 197 (Feb 1970), pg. 22. Others have disputed the connection. See Lundbom, ''Jeremiah 37-552'', Anchor Bible 21 C (Doubleday, 2004), 64 (regarding Jeremiah 38:6).</ref> which, if it is correct, has been obscured by the King James translation. That is, the Hebrew, ''malkiyahû ben hammelek'', can be translated most readily, as the Septuagint does, as “Malchiah the son of the king,” rather than the King James rendering, “Malchiah the son of Hammlech.” Because of the suggested identity of Malchiah as a son of [[ZEDEKIAH|Z<small>EDEKIAH</small>]], [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS]] scholars have also suggested a connection between Book of Mormon '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' and biblical Malchiah.<ref>See [[Robert F. Smith]], "New Information About Mulek, Son of the King," ''Reexploring the Book of Mormon'', ed. John W. Welch (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company, 1992), 142-144; and [[John A. Tvedtnes]], [[John Gee]], and [[Matthew Roper]], "Book of Mormon Names Attested in Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions," ''Journal of Book of Mormon Studies'' 9/1 (2000): 51.</ref><br />
<br />
The form '''M<small>ULEK</small>''', if it is a hypocoristicon of a name similar to ''Malchiah'', would be from the noun pattern for a diminutive or caritative, ''puʿail'' (''fuʿayl'' in Arabic), meaning “little king.”<ref>For examples in Arabic see Karin C. Ryding, ''A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic'' (Cambridge, England: Cambridge, 2005), p. 90. See also Gesenius, note to §86g, “Diminutives in Semitic languages are, however, most commonly formed by inserting a y after the second radical.” Already in 1894, Morris Jastrow, “Hebrew Proper Names Compounded with יה and יהו,” ''Journal of Biblical Literature'' 13 (1894):117, mentions the use of the diminutive “Arabic ''fuʿail''” form as the explanation of the biblical [[Personal Name|PN]] ''Obadiah'', as opposed to the biblical [[Personal Name|PN]] ''Abdiel'' ([https://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/1-chr/5.15?lang=eng#14 1 Chronicles 5:15]).</ref>The diphthong –''ai''- can shorten to /e/.<ref>See the diminutive Arabic [[Personal Name|PN]] ''Husein''.</ref> Given that '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' was the son of King [[ZEDEKIAH|Z<small>EDEKIAH</small>]] (see [https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/8.21?lang=eng#20 Helaman 8:21]), then a [[Personal Name|PN]] based on a diminutive of the Semitic root ''mlk'' would seem appropriate.<ref>Hugh Nibley first made the suggestion that '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' derived from the Arabic diminutive ''mulik'', “little king” ([[Hugh W. Nibley|Hugh Nibley]], "Two Shots in the Dark," in ''Book of Mormon Authorship: New Light on Ancient Origins'', ed. Noel B. Reynolds (Provo, UT: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 1982), 119.), which would make sense if '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' had been little when he escaped the Babylonian siege of [[JERUSALEM|J<small>ERUSALEM</small>]], or if he had been derisively called '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' by those who did not recognize him as king. See footnote 5 above for [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS]] suggestions to link Malchiah in [https://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/jer/38.6?lang=eng Jeremiah 38:6] with '''M<small>ULEK</small>'''. The context in Jeremiah seems to indicate that Malchiah was at least of age, and not a small babe or child. Therefore, if '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' is Malchiah, then the name may be a caritative or a term of derision. </ref><br />
<br />
Another possible etymology for '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' involves the fairly common West Semitic word ''mlk'', “a type of sacrifice.” As is indicated by Latin terms derived from Punic (e.g., ''molchomor'', probably from ''mlʾk ʾmr'', “sacrifice of a lamb”<ref>[[J. Hoftijzer, and K. Jongeling, Dictionary of the North-West Semitic Inscriptions. 2nd ed. HOSANE/HOSNME 21 Leiden/N.Y.: Brill, 2003.|''Dictionary of the Northwest Semitic Inscriptions'']] 642.</ref>), it would appear to have the requisite vowels. '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' would then be a hypocoristicon with a meaning similar to “(the divine) sacrifice.” The meaning “sacrifice” seems to derive from the meaning “vow”<ref>''[[J. Hoftijzer, and K. Jongeling, Dictionary of the North-West Semitic Inscriptions. 2nd ed. HOSANE/HOSNME 21 Leiden/N.Y.: Brill, 2003.|Ibid.]]'' 634.</ref> or Arabic ''mulk'' “power.”<ref>''[[J. Hoftijzer, and K. Jongeling, Dictionary of the North-West Semitic Inscriptions. 2nd ed. HOSANE/HOSNME 21 Leiden/N.Y.: Brill, 2003.|Ibid.]]'' 640.</ref> Alternatively, the meaning sacrifice may derive from the West Semitic [[Divine Name|DN]] ''Molk''.<ref>[[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament]] ''molek''. See [[William F. Albright|Albright]] [[William F. Albright, Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan: A Historical Analysis of Two Contrasting Faiths. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1968/ reprint Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1978. Pagination differs from London edition.|''Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan'']], 205–210; and [[Janne M. Sjodahl|Sjodahl]] Improvement Era 24:140–141. ([[Robert F. Smith|RFS]], [[Jo Ann Hackett|JH]]).</ref> If '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' is to be derived from ''mulk'' or ''molk'', then the preferred etymology would be a hypocoristic form involving the verb ''to vow''.<br />
<br />
A less likely possibility is to derive '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' from the common Semitic root ''hlk'', “to go, walk,” which has been suggested by some as the root of the divine name Molech. If so, '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' would mean “traveler, sojourner” ([[Jo Ann Hackett|JH]]). But there is no [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] form that would produce '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' from the root ''hlk''. Nevertheless, “sojourner” may be attractive for metonymic reasons (befitting an individual who had traveled a great distance from his homeland), and could therefore add to the growing evidence of metonymy being a factor in the determination of Book of Mormon names ([[John A Tvetdnes|JAT]]). <br />
<br />
The (possibly independent) name [[Mulek / Muloch Variants|M<small>ULOCH</small>]] could also derive from the common Semitic root ''mlk'', as described above, though the form is not readily transparent. [[Mulek / Muloch Variants|M<small>ULOCH</small>]] looks very much like a participle from a hollow verb in an oblique conjugation. However, no Hebrew root matches the form [[Mulek / Muloch Variants|M<small>ULOCH</small>]]. There is a South-west Semitic root, ''lwḥ'', that appears to mean “shine,” and would work with [[Mulek / Muloch Variants|M<small>ULOCH</small>]]. <ref>See E. W. Lane, ''Arabic—English Dictionary'', 2679, for ﻻﺡ,ﻟﻭﺡ </ref><br />
<br />
<br />
Cf. Book of Mormon [[MULOKI|M<small>ULOKI</small>]], [[MELEK|M<small>ELEK</small>]], [[AMALEKI|A<small>MALEKI</small>]], [[AMALICKIAH|A<small>MALICKIAH</small>]], [[AMLICI|A<small>MLICI</small>]], [[AMULEK|A<small>MULEK</small>]], [[MELCHIZEDEK|M<small>ELCHIZEDEK</small>]].<br />
<br />
See also [[Mulek / Muloch Variants]]<br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
[[Mulek / Muloch Variants|M<small>ULOCH</small>]], [[Mulek / Muloch Variants|Mulok]], [[Mulek / Muloch Variants|Muleh]]<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐣𐐆𐐅𐐢𐐊𐐗 (mɪuːlʌk), 𐐣𐐆𐐅𐐢𐐇𐐗 (mɪuːlɛk), 𐐣𐐆𐐄𐐢𐐇𐐗 (mɪoʊlɛk)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
'''Bibliography'''<br />
----<br />
*[[William F. Albright|Albright, William F.]], ''Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan: A Historical Analysis of Two Contrasting Faiths''. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1968. Pagination differs from London edition. [[William F. Albright, Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan: A Historical Analysis of Two Contrasting Faiths. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1968/ reprint Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1978. Pagination differs from London edition.|''YGC'']]<br />
*[[Jeffrey R. Chadwick|Chadwick, Jeffery R.]] "Has the Seal of Mulek Been Found?" [http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/jbms/?vol=12&num=2&id=324 Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 12, no. 2 (2003): 72-83.]<br />
*[[Ariel L. Crowley]] About the Book of Mormon. Idaho City, ID: Deseret News, 1961.<br />
*[[Royal J. Skousen]] [http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/books/?bookid=104&chapid=1165 History of the Critical Text Project of the Book of Mormon] found in [[Gerald M. Bradford]] and [[Alison V. P. Coutts]]' [http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/books/?bookid=104 Uncovering the Original Text of the Book of Mormon. Provo, UT: FARMS, 2002.]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Mulekite PN]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=MULEK&diff=12004
MULEK
2015-02-04T22:37:11Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Mulekite PN|Mulekite PN]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|Son of [[ZEDEKIAH|Z<small>EDEKIAH</small>]], king of [[JUDAH|J<small>UDAH</small>]], ca. 590 BC ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/25.2?lang=eng#1 Mosiah 25:2]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/6.10?lang=eng#9 Helaman 6:10]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/8.21?lang=eng#20 8:21]) <br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|2.<br />
|Name of all of the land northward, originally settled by colony which included No. 1 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/6.10?lang=eng#9 Helaman 6:10])<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|3.<br />
|City east of [[ZARAHEMLA|Z<small>ARAHEMLA</small>]] by the seashore and near the cities of [[GID|G<small>ID</small>]] and [[BOUNTIFUL|B<small>OUNTIFUL</small>]], ca. 67 BC ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/51.26?lang=eng#25 Alma 51:26]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/52.2,%2016,%2017,%2019,%2020,%2022,%2026,%2028,%2034?lang=eng#1 52:2, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 26, 28, 34]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/53.2,%206?lang=eng#1 53:2, 6]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/5.15?lang=eng#14 Helaman 5:15])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
This entry will treat the two most likely spellings of this name, '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' and [[Mulek / Muloch Variants|M<small>ULOCH</small>]], independently, even though the spellings may not represent different individuals, but simply spelling variants of the same name. The texts actually contain four slightly different spellings: The city name, found only in the books of [[ALMA|A<small>LMA</small>]] and [[HELAMAN|H<small>ELAMAN</small>]], is consistently spelled ''Mulek''. The descriptor of the ''Land Northward'', a hapax that occurs only in [https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/6.10?lang=eng Helaman 6:10], is written ''Mulek'' in the printer’s manuscript through the 2013 edition. The only deviation from the current standard spelling, ''Mulek'', occurs with the three occurrences of the [[Personal Name|PN]]. The first time it occurs in the Book of Mormon, in [https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/25.2?lang=eng#1 Mosiah 25:2], it is spelled ''Muloch'' in the printer’s manuscript. In the 1830-1852 printings, and in all [[Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (now the Community of Christ)|RLDS]] editions, ''Mulok'' appears. The spelling was changed in the 1879 [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS]] edition to ''Mulek'' and has remained ''Mulek'' through the 2013 [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS]] edition. When the [[Personal Name|PN]] occurs again, in [https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/6.10?lang=eng#9 Helaman 6:10] (the second occurrence), the printer’s manuscript originally had ''Muleh'' but the ''h'' is overwritten with a ''k'' (probably immediately), producing the correction ''Mulek'', followed by the 1830 through the 2013 editions. In [https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/8.21?lang=eng#20 Helaman 8:21], the third and final appearance of the [[Personal Name|PN]], it is spelled consistently ''Mulek'' in the printer’s manuscript through the 2013 edition.<br />
<br />
As [[Royal Skousen]] has noted, “It is, of course, theoretically possible that the Book of Mormon is referring to two different individuals: [[Mulek / Muloch Variants|M<small>ULOCH</small>]], an ancestor of [[ZARAHEMLA|Z<small>ARAHEMLA</small>]], in the book of [[MOSIAH|M<small>OSIAH</small>]]; and '''M<small>ULEK</small>''', a son of king [[ZEDEKIAH|Z<small>EDEKIAH</small>]], in the book of [[HELAMAN|H<small>ELAMAN</small>]].”<ref>''[[Royal Skousen, Analysis of Textual Variants in the Book of Mormon. 6 Parts. Provo, Utah: FARMS, Brigham Young University, 2004-2009.|''Analysis of Textual Variants in the Book of Mormon'']]'' 3:1464.</ref> Therefore, in the interest of completeness this onomasticon entry will treat the two most promising spellings, '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' and [[Mulek / Muloch Variants|M<small>ULOCH</small>]], as different names belonging to two different persons, even though it is more likely that they are textual variants of one and the same [[Personal Name|PN]].<br />
<br />
The common Semitic root ''mlk'', which in West Semitic means “to reign (''malāk''), king (''melek''),” and in East Semitic, “to counsel (''malāku''), counselor (''malku''),” provides the most likely etymology for '''M<small>ULEK</small>'''.<ref>This suggested has been made long ago; see [[Ariel L. Crowley|Ariel Crowley]], “The Escape of Mulek,” ''Improvement Era'', May 1955, p. 324; and [[Janne M. Sjodahl|Sjodahl]], ''Authenticity of the Book of Mormon'', p. 11.</ref> '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' was the son of [[ZEDEKIAH|Z<small>EDEKIAH</small>]] ([https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/6.10?lang=eng Helaman 6:10], [https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/8.21?lang=eng#20 8:21]), the king in [[JERUSALEM|J<small>ERUSALEM</small>]] when [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]] left.<ref> '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' came with a party of people to the New World, disembarking in the Land Northward ([https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/6.10?lang=eng Helaman 6:10]). At least some of the descendants of that group migrated southward to found [[ZARAHEMLA|Z<small>ARAHEMLA</small>]] ([https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/25.2?lang=eng#1 Mosiah 25:2]), where Mosiah<sub>1</sub> and his people found them.</ref><br />
<br />
It is very tempting to read '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' as a shortened form, perhaps a hypocoristicon, of a longer name. For example, from the same time period, the days of [[ZEDEKIAH|Z<small>EDEKIAH</small>]], the name ''Malchiah'' in [https://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/jer/38.6?lang=eng#5 Jeremiah 38:6], reads in Hebrew ''malkiyahû'' and means “Yahweh is (my) king.” It has been proposed by some scholars that Malchiah may have been the son of [[ZEDEKIAH|Z<small>EDEKIAH</small>]],<ref>Aharoni, ''[[Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research|BASOR]]'' 197:22. Others have disputed the connection. See Lundbom, ''Jeremiah 37-552'', Anchor Bible 21 C (Doubleday, 2004), 64 (regarding Jeremiah 38:6).</ref> which, if it is correct, has been obscured by the King James translation. That is, the Hebrew, ''malkiyahû ben hammelek'', can be translated most readily, as the Septuagint does, as “Malchiah the son of the king,” rather than the King James rendering, “Malchiah the son of Hammlech.” Because of the suggested identity of Malchiah as a son of [[ZEDEKIAH|Z<small>EDEKIAH</small>]], [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS]] scholars have also suggested a connection between Book of Mormon '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' and biblical Malchiah.<ref>See [[Robert F. Smith]], "New Information About Mulek, Son of the King," ''Reexploring the Book of Mormon'', ed. John W. Welch (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company, 1992), 142-144; and [[John A. Tvedtnes]], [[John Gee]], and [[Matthew Roper]], "Book of Mormon Names Attested in Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions," ''Journal of Book of Mormon Studies'' 9/1 (2000): 51.</ref><br />
<br />
The form '''M<small>ULEK</small>''', if it is a hypocoristicon of a name similar to ''Malchiah'', would be from the noun pattern for a diminutive or caritative, ''puʿail'' (''fuʿayl'' in Arabic), meaning “little king.”<ref>For examples in Arabic see Karin C. Ryding, ''A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic'' (Cambridge, England: Cambridge, 2005), p. 90. See also Gesenius, note to §86g, “Diminutives in Semitic languages are, however, most commonly formed by inserting a y after the second radical.” Already in 1894, Morris Jastrow, “Hebrew Proper Names Compounded with יה and יהו,” ''Journal of Biblical Literature'' 13 (1894):117, mentions the use of the diminutive “Arabic ''fuʿail''” form as the explanation of the biblical [[Personal Name|PN]] ''Obadiah'', as opposed to the biblical [[Personal Name|PN]] ''Abdiel'' ([https://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/1-chr/5.15?lang=eng#14 1 Chronicles 5:15]).</ref>The diphthong –''ai''- can shorten to /e/.<ref>See the diminutive Arabic [[Personal Name|PN]] ''Husein''.</ref> Given that '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' was the son of King [[ZEDEKIAH|Z<small>EDEKIAH</small>]] (see [https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/8.21?lang=eng#20 Helaman 8:21]), then a [[Personal Name|PN]] based on a diminutive of the Semitic root ''mlk'' would seem appropriate.<ref>Hugh Nibley first made the suggestion that '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' derived from the Arabic diminutive ''mulik'', “little king” ([[Hugh W. Nibley|Hugh Nibley]], "Two Shots in the Dark," in ''Book of Mormon Authorship: New Light on Ancient Origins'', ed. Noel B. Reynolds (Provo, UT: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 1982), 119.), which would make sense if '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' had been little when he escaped the Babylonian siege of [[JERUSALEM|J<small>ERUSALEM</small>]], or if he had been derisively called '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' by those who did not recognize him as king. See footnote 5 above for [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS]] suggestions to link Malchiah in [https://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/jer/38.6?lang=eng Jeremiah 38:6] with '''M<small>ULEK</small>'''. The context in Jeremiah seems to indicate that Malchiah was at least of age, and not a small babe or child. Therefore, if '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' is Malchiah, then the name may be a caritative or a term of derision. </ref><br />
<br />
Another possible etymology for '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' involves the fairly common West Semitic word ''mlk'', “a type of sacrifice.” As is indicated by Latin terms derived from Punic (e.g., ''molchomor'', probably from ''mlʾk ʾmr'', “sacrifice of a lamb”<ref>[[J. Hoftijzer, and K. Jongeling, Dictionary of the North-West Semitic Inscriptions. 2nd ed. HOSANE/HOSNME 21 Leiden/N.Y.: Brill, 2003.|''Dictionary of the Northwest Semitic Inscriptions'']] 642.</ref>), it would appear to have the requisite vowels. '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' would then be a hypocoristicon with a meaning similar to “(the divine) sacrifice.” The meaning “sacrifice” seems to derive from the meaning “vow”<ref>''[[J. Hoftijzer, and K. Jongeling, Dictionary of the North-West Semitic Inscriptions. 2nd ed. HOSANE/HOSNME 21 Leiden/N.Y.: Brill, 2003.|Ibid.]]'' 634.</ref> or Arabic ''mulk'' “power.”<ref>''[[J. Hoftijzer, and K. Jongeling, Dictionary of the North-West Semitic Inscriptions. 2nd ed. HOSANE/HOSNME 21 Leiden/N.Y.: Brill, 2003.|Ibid.]]'' 640.</ref> Alternatively, the meaning sacrifice may derive from the West Semitic [[Divine Name|DN]] ''Molk''.<ref>[[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament]] ''molek''. See [[William F. Albright|Albright]] [[William F. Albright, Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan: A Historical Analysis of Two Contrasting Faiths. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1968/ reprint Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1978. Pagination differs from London edition.|''Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan'']], 205–210; and [[Janne M. Sjodahl|Sjodahl]] Improvement Era 24:140–141. ([[Robert F. Smith|RFS]], [[Jo Ann Hackett|JH]]).</ref> If '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' is to be derived from ''mulk'' or ''molk'', then the preferred etymology would be a hypocoristic form involving the verb ''to vow''.<br />
<br />
A less likely possibility is to derive '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' from the common Semitic root ''hlk'', “to go, walk,” which has been suggested by some as the root of the divine name Molech. If so, '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' would mean “traveler, sojourner” ([[Jo Ann Hackett|JH]]). But there is no [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] form that would produce '''M<small>ULEK</small>''' from the root ''hlk''. Nevertheless, “sojourner” may be attractive for metonymic reasons (befitting an individual who had traveled a great distance from his homeland), and could therefore add to the growing evidence of metonymy being a factor in the determination of Book of Mormon names ([[John A Tvetdnes|JAT]]). <br />
<br />
The (possibly independent) name [[Mulek / Muloch Variants|M<small>ULOCH</small>]] could also derive from the common Semitic root ''mlk'', as described above, though the form is not readily transparent. [[Mulek / Muloch Variants|M<small>ULOCH</small>]] looks very much like a participle from a hollow verb in an oblique conjugation. However, no Hebrew root matches the form [[Mulek / Muloch Variants|M<small>ULOCH</small>]]. There is a South-west Semitic root, ''lwḥ'', that appears to mean “shine,” and would work with [[Mulek / Muloch Variants|M<small>ULOCH</small>]]. <ref>See E. W. Lane, ''Arabic—English Dictionary'', 2679, for ﻻﺡ,ﻟﻭﺡ </ref><br />
<br />
<br />
Cf. Book of Mormon [[MULOKI|M<small>ULOKI</small>]], [[MELEK|M<small>ELEK</small>]], [[AMALEKI|A<small>MALEKI</small>]], [[AMALICKIAH|A<small>MALICKIAH</small>]], [[AMLICI|A<small>MLICI</small>]], [[AMULEK|A<small>MULEK</small>]], [[MELCHIZEDEK|M<small>ELCHIZEDEK</small>]].<br />
<br />
See also [[Mulek / Muloch Variants]]<br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
[[Mulek / Muloch Variants|M<small>ULOCH</small>]], [[Mulek / Muloch Variants|Mulok]], [[Mulek / Muloch Variants|Muleh]]<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐣𐐆𐐅𐐢𐐊𐐗 (mɪuːlʌk), 𐐣𐐆𐐅𐐢𐐇𐐗 (mɪuːlɛk), 𐐣𐐆𐐄𐐢𐐇𐐗 (mɪoʊlɛk)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
'''Bibliography'''<br />
----<br />
*[[William F. Albright|Albright, William F.]], ''Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan: A Historical Analysis of Two Contrasting Faiths''. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1968. Pagination differs from London edition. [[William F. Albright, Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan: A Historical Analysis of Two Contrasting Faiths. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1968/ reprint Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1978. Pagination differs from London edition.|''YGC'']]<br />
*[[Jeffrey R. Chadwick|Chadwick, Jeffery R.]] "Has the Seal of Mulek Been Found?" [http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/jbms/?vol=12&num=2&id=324 Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 12, no. 2 (2003): 72-83.]<br />
*[[Ariel L. Crowley]] About the Book of Mormon. Idaho City, ID: Deseret News, 1961.<br />
*[[Royal J. Skousen]] [http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/books/?bookid=104&chapid=1165 History of the Critical Text Project of the Book of Mormon] found in [[Gerald M. Bradford]] and [[Alison V. P. Coutts]]' [http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/books/?bookid=104 Uncovering the Original Text of the Book of Mormon. Provo, UT: FARMS, 2002.]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Mulekite PN]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=NAHOM&diff=12003
NAHOM
2015-02-04T21:28:29Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite GN|Lehite GN]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|Burial site of [[ISHMAEL|I<small>SHMAEL</small>]] ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/16.34?lang=eng#33 1 Nephi 16:34])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
Surprisingly, evidence for '''N<small>AHOM</small>''' as a Book of Mormon name is based primarily on historical, geographic, and archaeological—and only secondarily on etymological—<br />
considerations. Three altar inscriptions containing ''NHM'' as a tribal name and dating from the seventh to the sixth centuries B.C—roughly the time period when [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]]’s <br />
family was traveling through the area---have been discussed by Warren P. Aston,<ref>Warren P. Aston, “The Origins of the Nihm Tribe of Yemen: A Window into Arabia's Past,” ''Journal of Arabian Studies: Arabia, the Gulf, and the Red Sea'', 4/1 (2014): 134-148</ref> and S. Kent Brown.<ref>S. Kent Brown, “New Light from Arabia on Lehi’s Trail,” in ''Echoes and Evidences of the Book of Mormon'', ed. [[Donald W. Parry]], [[Daniel C. Peterson]], and [[John W. Welch]] (Provo, <br />
UT: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2002), 55-125, esp. 81-82.</ref> ''Nhm'' appears as a place name and as a tribal name in southwestern Arabia in the <br />
pre-Islamic and early Islamic period in the Arab antiquarian al-Hamdani’s ''al-Iklíl''<ref>Al-Hasan ibn Ahmad al-Hamdani, ''al-Iklíl'', ed. Nabih Faris (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1940), 35, 94.</ref> and in his ''Sifat Jazírat al-‘Árab''.<ref>al-Hamdani, ''Sifat Jazirat al-‘Árab'', ed. David H. Müller (Leiden: Brill, repr. 1968), 49, 1.9; 81, 1.4, 8, 11; 83, 1.8, 9; 109, 1.26; 110, 112.2, 4, 126, 1.10; 135,1.19, 22; 167, 1.15-20; 168, 1.10, 11, where ''nhm'' is listed as either the name of a “region, territory” (Ar. ''balad'') or a “tribe” (Ar. ''qabíla''); Jawad ‘Ali, ''Al-Mufassal fi Ta’ ríkh al-‘Árab qabla al-Islām'' (Beirut: Dar al-‘Ilm lil-Malayan, 1969–73), 2:414, gives ''Nhm'' as the name of a “region” (Ar. ''ard'') during the period of the ''mukarribs'' and the [ancient] kingdom of Saba” (Ar. ''fī ayyām al-mukarribína wa-fī ayyām mulūk Saba’''); he also gives ''Nhm'' as a place name, ''Al-Mufassal'', 4:187 and 7: 462.</ref> If, as Robert Wilson observes, there is <br />
minimal movement among tribes over time,<ref>Robert Wilson, “al-Hamdani’s Description of Hashid and Bakil,” ''Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies'' 11 (1981): 95, 99-100.</ref> the region known as “Nehem” may well have had that, or a similar, name in antiquity. The [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] root ''nhm'' meaning <br />
“to groan” (of persons),<ref>D. J. A. Clines, ed, ''The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew'' (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2001), 5:631.</ref> attested in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezek/24/23#23 Ezekiel 24:23] and [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/prov/5/11#11 Proverbs 5:11], may reflect the actions of the daughters of [[ISHMAEL|I<small>SHMAEL</small>]] in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_ne/16/35#35 1 Nephi 16:35] in “mourn[ing] <br />
exceedingly, because of the loss of their father, and because of their afflictions in the wilderness.” Were the name originally “Neḥem,” the Semitic roots suggested in <br />
1950 by [[Hugh W. Nibley|Hugh Nibley]] (the Arabic ''naḥama'', “to sigh or moan;” and the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] root ''nḥm'', “comfort”)<ref>[[Hugh W. Nibley]], “Lehi in the Desert.” ''Improvement Era'' 53 (June 1950): 517; [[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]], ''Lehi in the Desert and the World of the Jaredites'' (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1952), 90-91; [[Hugh W. Nibley|Hugh Nibley]], ''Lehi in the Desert/The World of The Jaredites/There Were Jaredites'' (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book and [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 1988), 79.</ref> would also fit the context of [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/1_ne/16 1 Nephi 16].<br />
<br />
Cf. Book of Mormon [[NEUM|N<small>EUM</small>]], [[JAROM|J<small>AROM</small>]], [[JACOM|J<small>ACOM</small>]]<br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐤𐐁𐐐𐐊𐐣 (neɪhʌm)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
'''Bibliography'''<br />
----<br />
*[[Warren P. Aston]] "Across Arabia with Lehi and Sariah: 'Truth Shall Spring out of the Earth'." [http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/jbms/?vol=15&num=2&id=414 ''Journal of Book of Mormon Studies'' 15/2 (2006): 8-25.]<br />
*[[Warren P. Aston]] "The Arabian Bountiful Discovered? Evidence for Nephi's Bountiful." [http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/jbms/?vol=7&num=1&id=165 ''Journal of Book of Mormon Studies'' 7/1 (1998): 4-11.]<br />
*[[Warren P. Aston]] "Newly Found Altars from Nahom." [http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/jbms/?vol=10&num=2&id=255 ''Journal of Book of Mormon Studies'' 10/2 (2001): 56-61.]<br />
*[[Warren P. Aston]] “A History of NaHoM,” ''[[Brigham Young University|BYU]] Studies'', 51/2 (2012): 79–98.<br />
*[[Warren P. Aston]] “The Origins of the Nihm Tribe of Yemen: A Window into Arabia's Past,” ''Journal of Arabian Studies: Arabia, the Gulf, and the Red Sea'', 4/1 (2014): 134-148.]<br />
*[[S. Kent Brown]] "New Light: 'The Place That Was Called Nahom': New Light from Ancient Yemen." [http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/jbms/?vol=8&num=1&id=187 ''Journal of Book of Mormon Studies'' 8/1 (1999): 66-68.]<br />
*[[S. Kent Brown]] “New Light from Arabia on Lehi’s Trail,” in ''Echoes and Evidences of the Book of Mormon'', ed. [[Donald W. Parry]], [[Daniel C. Peterson]], and [[John W. Welch]], 55-125. Provo, UT: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2002.<br />
*[[S. Kent Brown]] "Refining the Spotlight on Lehi and Sariah." [http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/jbms/?vol=15&num=2&id=416 ''Journal of Book of Mormon Studies'' 15/2 (2006): 44-57.]<br />
*[[Ross T. Christensen]] “The Place Called Nahom,” ''Ensign'', 8/8 (August 1978):73.<br />
*[[Lynn M. Hilton]] "In Search of Lehi's Trail—30 Years Later." [http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/jbms/?vol=15&num=2&id=413 ''Journal of Book of Mormon Studies'' 15/2 (2006): 4-7.]<br />
*[[Jeff Lindsay]] “Noham, That’s Not History (Nor Geography, Cartography, or Logic): More on the Recent Attacks on nhm,” ''FairMormon Blog'', December 23, 2013, at [http://www.fairblog.org/2013/12/23/noham-thats-not-history-nor-geography-cartography-or-logic-more-on-the-recent-attacks-on-nhm/ ].<br />
*[[Jeff Lindsay]] “Noham, That’s Not History (Nor Geography, Cartography, or Logic): More on the Recent Attacks on nhm,” ''Mormanity'', December 21, 2013, at [http://mormanity.blogspot.com/2013/12/noham-thats-not-history-nor-geography.html ].<br />
*[[Daniel H. Ludlow]] ''A Companion to your Study of the Book of Mormon''. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 1969.<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite GN]]<br />
*Neal Rappleye and Stephen O. Smoot, “ Book of Mormon Minimalists and the NHM Inscriptions: A Response to Dan Vogel,” ''Interpreter: A Journal of Mormon Scripture'' 8 (2014):157-185, online at [http://www.mormoninterpreter.com/book-of-mormon-minimalists-and-the-nhm-inscriptions-a-response-to-dan-vogel/ ].</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=NEAS&diff=12002
NEAS
2015-02-03T20:37:58Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite noun|Lehite noun]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|Food plant listed along with [[SHEUM|S<small>HEUM</small>]] and seeds of corn, barley, wheat, and various unspecified fruits ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/9.9?lang=eng#8 Mosiah 9:9])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
Perhaps a [[JAREDITES|J<small>AREDITE</small>]] carryover, like [[SHEUM|S<small>HEUM</small>]], which see. Possibly composed with Old Akkadian ''ás'', “resin, seed, cereal, emmer-wheat,” from Akkadian ''áš'', ''aś'', ''ás'', ''áz'', ''áṣ'' (<sup>ú</sup>ÁŠ/ZÍZ, ZĪZU II) “resin; emmer-wheat, cereal-food; dry-measure of 3 BAN”<ref>[[Rykle Borger, Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon. 2nd ed. AOAT 305. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2010.|''Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexicon'']] no. 548 (p. 361), noting also that ÁŠ(ZIZ)-AN-NA = ''kunāšu'' “emmer”; cf. von Soden, [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch'']], 506 (cf. also Deimel, ŠL, 339.1,10,22,38; [[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''Chicago Assyrian Dictionary'']], “A,” I/II:234a).</ref> – used, for example, in <sup>ú</sup>ÁŠ.DUG.GA “opium poppy,” in the name of the Sumerian grain-goddess, Ashnan (M. Civil), ''asnan'',<ref>Black, George, and Postgate, ''Concise Dictionary of Akkadian'', 28; [[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''Chicago Assyrian Dictionary'']], “A,” I/II:450-452.</ref> and in A.ŠA, ''aš-šum'' “field” (= GÁN).<ref>Von Soden, [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch'']], I:85 mB/mA ''ašû'' IV “arable land?”; Ellermeier, ''Sumerisches Glossar'', I/1, ''Sumerisches Lautwerte'', 1:22; 2:607.</ref><br />
<br />
Cf. Old & Late Babylonian ''nušû'', ''nešu'', a plant of some sort ([[Paul Y. Hoskisson|PYH]]).<ref>Von Soden, [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch'']], II:806; [[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''Chicago Assyrian Dictionary'']], “N,” 11, part II:355.</ref><br />
<br />
Cf. also Akkadian ''eša'' (A.TIR) as the name of “an unidentified cereal” in cuneiform texts.<ref>David I. Owen and Gordon D. Young. "Ur III Texts in the Zion Research Library, Boston." [[Journal of Cuneiform Studies|''JCS'']], 23/4 (1971):98, texts 6:4,6 “''eša''-flour”; [[Rykle Borger, Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon. 2nd ed. AOAT 305. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2010.|''Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexicon'']], no. 839 (p. 437).</ref><br />
<br />
PYH suggests that it might have been borrowed into Lehite from a native, indigenous vocabel, perhaps along the lines of quinoa, amaranth, jocote (mombin), manioc (cassava),<ref>Manioc was recently discovered at Ceren, El Salvador, to be dated 1400 years ago to the time of a massive volcanic eruption [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/08/070820122541.htm "First Ancient Manioc Fields in America Discovered"] , and [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090616133940.htm "Maya Intensively Cultivated Manioc 1,400 Years Ago"].</ref> chile, or other grains or food plants native to the Americas and unknown to Joseph Smith.<br />
<br />
Benjamin Urrutia suggested ''nys'' “anise,” but failed to indicate the source language.<ref>J. L. Sorenson, 1980 letter.</ref> However, he may have intended Demotic ''Зmys'' “anise; dill”<ref>Černý, ''Coptic Etym''. 35; Westendorf, [[Wolfhart Westendorf, Koptisches Handwörterbuch. Heidelberg: C. Winter Universitätsverlag, 1965.|''Koptisches Handwörterbuch'']], 36.</ref> > Copt. ''emise'', ''amici''; Greek ''anēthon'', ''anison'' > Latin ''anisum''.<ref>Černý, ''Coptic Etym''. 35; Westendorf, [[Wolfhart Westendorf, Koptisches Handwörterbuch. Heidelberg: C. Winter Universitätsverlag, 1965.|''Koptisches Handwörterbuch'']], 36.</ref><br />
<br />
Hugh Nibley long ago argued that “the fact that Nephite weights and measures bear ''Jaredite'' names indicates long cultural overlap” with the [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITES</small>]] or people of [[ZARAHEMLA|Z<small>ARAHEMLA</small>]].<ref>Nibley, ''Lehi in the Desert and the World of the Jaredites'' (1952) = Collected Works of Hugh Nibley, V ([[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]]/Deseret, 1988):246.</ref><br />
<br />
See [[SHEUM|S<small>HEUM</small>]].<br />
<br />
Cf. Book of Mormon [[NEUM|N<small>EUM</small>]]<br />
<br />
See also [[Neas Variants]]<br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
[[Neas Variants]]<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐤𐐀𐐈𐐞 (niːæz)<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
<br />
Black, J., A. George, and N. Postgate, eds. ''A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian''. Wiesbaden:<br />
Harrassowitz, 2000.<br />
<br />
Borger, Rykle. ''Mespotamisches Zeichenlexikon'', 2nd ed., [[Alter Orient und altes Testament|AOAT]] 305. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2010.<br />
<br />
[[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''CAD'']] – ''Chicago Assyrian Dictionary'' = ''Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the<br />
Univ. of Chicago''. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.<br />
<br />
Deimel, Anton. ''Šumerisches Lexikon'', 6 vols. Rome: [[Pontifical Bible Institute, Rome publisher|PBI]], 1928.<br />
<br />
Ellermeier, Friedrich. ''Sumerisches Glossar'', I/1: ''Sumerische Lautwerte'', 1 & 2. Göttingen:<br />
F. Ellermeier, 1979-1980.<br />
<br />
Nibley, Hugh W. ''Lehi in the Desert and the World of the Jaredites'', 1<sup>st</sup> ed. (1952) = ''Collected Works of Hugh Nibley'' V. Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]]/[[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: Deseret Book, 1988.<br />
<br />
Owen, David I., and Gordon D. Young. “Ur III Texts in the Zion Research Library,<br />
Boston,” ''Journal of Cuneiform Studies'', 23/4 (1971):95-115.<br />
<br />
von Soden, Wolfram. ''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch'', 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz,<br />
1965-1981. [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|''AHw'']]<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">[[Robert F. Smith|RFS]] </div><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite noun]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=NEAS&diff=12001
NEAS
2015-02-03T20:27:57Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite noun|Lehite noun]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|Food plant listed along with [[SHEUM|S<small>HEUM</small>]] and seeds of corn, barley, wheat, and various unspecified fruits ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/9.9?lang=eng#8 Mosiah 9:9])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
Perhaps a [[JAREDITES|J<small>AREDITE</small>]] carryover, like [[SHEUM|S<small>HEUM</small>]], which see. Possibly composed with Old Akkadian ''ás'', “resin, seed, cereal, emmer-wheat,” from Akkadian ''áš'', ''aś'', ''ás'', ''áz'', ''áṣ'' (<sup>ú</sup>ÁŠ/ZÍZ, ZĪZU II) “resin; emmer-wheat, cereal-food; dry-measure of 3 BAN”<ref>[[Rykle Borger, Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon. 2nd ed. AOAT 305. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2010.|''Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexicon'']] no. 548 (p. 361), noting also that ÁŠ(ZIZ)-AN-NA = ''kunāšu'' “emmer”; cf. von Soden, [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch'']], 506 (cf. also Deimel, ŠL, 339.1,10,22,38; [[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''Chicago Assyrian Dictionary'']], “A,” I/II:234a).</ref> – used, for example, in <sup>ú</sup>ÁŠ.DUG.GA “opium poppy,” in the name of the Sumerian grain-goddess, Ashnan (M. Civil), ''asnan'',<ref>Black, George, and Postgate, ''Concise Dictionary of Akkadian'', 28; [[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''Chicago Assyrian Dictionary'']], “A,” I/II:450-452.</ref> and in A.ŠA, ''aš-šum'' “field” (= GÁN).<ref>Von Soden, [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch'']], I:85 mB/mA ''ašû'' IV “arable land?”; Ellermeier, ''Sumerisches Glossar'', I/1, ''Sumerisches Lautwerte'', 1:22; 2:607.</ref><br />
<br />
Cf. Old & Late Babylonian ''nušû'', ''nešu'', a plant of some sort ([[Paul Y. Hoskisson|PYH]]).<ref>Von Soden, [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch'']], II:806; [[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''Chicago Assyrian Dictionary'']], “N,” 11, part II:355.</ref><br />
<br />
Cf. also Akkadian ''eša'' (A.TIR) as the name of “an unidentified cereal” in cuneiform texts.<ref>David I. Owen and Gordon D. Young. "Ur III Texts in the Zion Research Library, Boston." [[Journal of Cuneiform Studies|''JCS'']], 23/4 (1971):98, texts 6:4,6 “''eša''-flour”; [[Rykle Borger, Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon. 2nd ed. AOAT 305. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2010.|''Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexicon'']], no. 839 (p. 437).</ref><br />
<br />
PYH suggests that it might have been borrowed into Lehite from a native, indigenous vocabel, perhaps along the lines of quinoa, amaranth, jocote (mombin), manioc (cassava),<ref>Manioc was recently discovered at Ceren, El Salvador, to be dated 1400 years ago to the time of a massive volcanic eruption (www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/08/070820122541.htm , and www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090616133940.htm ).</ref> chile, or other grains or food plants native to the Americas and unknown to Joseph Smith.<br />
<br />
Benjamin Urrutia suggested ''nys'' “anise,” but failed to indicate the source language.<ref>J. L. Sorenson, 1980 letter.</ref> However, he may have intended Demotic ''Зmys'' “anise; dill”<ref>Černý, ''Coptic Etym''. 35; Westendorf, [[Wolfhart Westendorf, Koptisches Handwörterbuch. Heidelberg: C. Winter Universitätsverlag, 1965.|''Koptisches Handwörterbuch'']], 36.</ref> > Copt. ''emise'', ''amici''; Greek ''anēthon'', ''anison'' > Latin ''anisum''.<ref>Černý, ''Coptic Etym''. 35; Westendorf, [[Wolfhart Westendorf, Koptisches Handwörterbuch. Heidelberg: C. Winter Universitätsverlag, 1965.|''Koptisches Handwörterbuch'']], 36.</ref><br />
<br />
Hugh Nibley long ago argued that “the fact that Nephite weights and measures bear ''Jaredite'' names indicates long cultural overlap” with the [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITES</small>]] or people of [[ZARAHEMLA|Z<small>ARAHEMLA</small>]].<ref>Nibley, ''Lehi in the Desert and the World of the Jaredites'' (1952) = Collected Works of Hugh Nibley, V ([[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]]/Deseret, 1988):246.</ref><br />
<br />
See [[SHEUM|S<small>HEUM</small>]].<br />
<br />
Cf. Book of Mormon [[NEUM|N<small>EUM</small>]]<br />
<br />
See also [[Neas Variants]]<br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
[[Neas Variants]]<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐤𐐀𐐈𐐞 (niːæz)<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
<br />
Black, J., A. George, and N. Postgate, eds. ''A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian''. Wiesbaden:<br />
Harrassowitz, 2000.<br />
<br />
Borger, Rykle. ''Mespotamisches Zeichenlexikon'', 2nd ed., [[Alter Orient und altes Testament|AOAT]] 305. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2010.<br />
<br />
[[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''CAD'']] – ''Chicago Assyrian Dictionary'' = ''Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the<br />
Univ. of Chicago''. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.<br />
<br />
Deimel, Anton. ''Šumerisches Lexikon'', 6 vols. Rome: [[Pontifical Bible Institute, Rome publisher|PBI]], 1928.<br />
<br />
Ellermeier, Friedrich. ''Sumerisches Glossar'', I/1: ''Sumerische Lautwerte'', 1 & 2. Göttingen:<br />
F. Ellermeier, 1979-1980.<br />
<br />
Nibley, Hugh W. ''Lehi in the Desert and the World of the Jaredites'', 1<sup>st</sup> ed. (1952) = ''Collected Works of Hugh Nibley'' V. Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]]/[[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: Deseret Book, 1988.<br />
<br />
Owen, David I., and Gordon D. Young. “Ur III Texts in the Zion Research Library,<br />
Boston,” ''Journal of Cuneiform Studies'', 23/4 (1971):95-115.<br />
<br />
von Soden, Wolfram. ''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch'', 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz,<br />
1965-1981. [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|''AHw'']]<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">[[Robert F. Smith|RFS]] </div><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite noun]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=NEAS&diff=12000
NEAS
2015-02-03T20:21:59Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite noun|Lehite noun]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|Food plant listed along with [[SHEUM|S<small>HEUM</small>]] and seeds of corn, barley, wheat, and various unspecified fruits ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/9.9?lang=eng#8 Mosiah 9:9])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
Perhaps a [[JAREDITES|J<small>AREDITE</small>]] carryover, like [[SHEUM|S<small>HEUM</small>]], which see. Possibly composed with Old Akkadian ''ás'', “resin, seed, cereal, emmer-wheat,” from Akkadian ''áš'', ''aś'', ''ás'', ''áz'', ''áṣ'' (<sup>ú</sup>ÁŠ/ZÍZ, ZĪZU II) “resin; emmer-wheat, cereal-food; dry-measure of 3 BAN”<ref>[[Rykle Borger, Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon. 2nd ed. AOAT 305. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2010.|''Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexicon'']] no. 548 (p. 361), noting also that ÁŠ(ZIZ)-AN-NA = ''kunāšu'' “emmer”; cf. von Soden, [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch'']], 506 (cf. also Deimel, ŠL, 339.1,10,22,38; [[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''Chicago Assyrian Dictionary'']], “A,” I/II:234a).</ref> – used, for example, in <sup>ú</sup>ÁŠ.DUG.GA “opium poppy,” in the name of the Sumerian grain-goddess, Ashnan (M. Civil), ''asnan'',<ref>Black, George, and Postgate, ''Concise Dictionary of Akkadian'', 28; [[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''Chicago Assyrian Dictionary'']], “A,” I/II:450-452.</ref> and in A.ŠA, ''aš-šum'' “field” (= GÁN).<ref>Von Soden, [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch'']], I:85 mB/mA ''ašû'' IV “arable land?”; Ellermeier, ''Sumerisches Glossar'', I/1, ''Sumerisches Lautwerte'', 1:22; 2:607.</ref><br />
<br />
Cf. Old & Late Babylonian ''nušû'', ''nešu'', a plant of some sort ([[Paul Y. Hoskisson|PYH]]).<ref>Von Soden, [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|''AHw'']], II:806; [[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''CAD'']], “N,” 11, part II:355.</ref><br />
<br />
Cf. also Akkadian ''eša'' (A.TIR) as the name of “an unidentified cereal” in cuneiform texts.<ref>Owen & Young, [[Journal of Cuneiform Studies|''JCS'']], 23/4 (1971):98, texts 6:4,6 “''eša''-flour”; [[Rykle Borger, Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon. 2nd ed. AOAT 305. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2010.|''MZ'']], #839 (p. 437).</ref><br />
<br />
PYH suggests that it might have been borrowed into Lehite from a native, indigenous vocabel, perhaps along the lines of quinoa, amaranth, jocote (mombin), manioc (cassava),<ref>Manioc was recently discovered at Ceren, El Salvador, to be dated 1400 years ago to the time of a massive volcanic eruption (www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/08/070820122541.htm , and www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090616133940.htm ).</ref> chile, or other grains or food plants native to the Americas and unknown to Joseph Smith.<br />
<br />
Benjamin Urrutia suggested ''nys'' “anise,” but failed to indicate the source language.<ref>J. L. Sorenson, 1980 letter.</ref> However, he may have intended Demotic ''Зmys'' “anise; dill”<ref>Černý, ''Coptic Etym''. 35; Westendorf, [[Wolfhart Westendorf, Koptisches Handwörterbuch. Heidelberg: C. Winter Universitätsverlag, 1965.|''KHw'']], 36.</ref> > Copt. ''emise'', ''amici''; Greek ''anēthon'', ''anison'' > Latin ''anisum''.<ref>Černý, ''Coptic Etym''. 35; Westendorf, [[Wolfhart Westendorf, Koptisches Handwörterbuch. Heidelberg: C. Winter Universitätsverlag, 1965.|''KHw'']], 36.</ref><br />
<br />
Hugh Nibley long ago argued that “the fact that Nephite weights and measures bear ''Jaredite'' names indicates long cultural overlap” with the [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITES</small>]] or people of [[ZARAHEMLA|Z<small>ARAHEMLA</small>]].<ref>Nibley, ''Lehi in the Desert and the World of the Jaredites'' (1952) = Collected Works of Hugh Nibley, V ([[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]]/Deseret, 1988):246.</ref><br />
<br />
See [[SHEUM|S<small>HEUM</small>]].<br />
<br />
Cf. Book of Mormon [[NEUM|N<small>EUM</small>]]<br />
<br />
See also [[Neas Variants]]<br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
[[Neas Variants]]<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐤𐐀𐐈𐐞 (niːæz)<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
<br />
Black, J., A. George, and N. Postgate, eds. ''A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian''. Wiesbaden:<br />
Harrassowitz, 2000.<br />
<br />
Borger, Rykle. ''Mespotamisches Zeichenlexikon'', 2nd ed., [[Alter Orient und altes Testament|AOAT]] 305. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2010.<br />
<br />
[[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''CAD'']] – ''Chicago Assyrian Dictionary'' = ''Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the<br />
Univ. of Chicago''. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.<br />
<br />
Deimel, Anton. ''Šumerisches Lexikon'', 6 vols. Rome: [[Pontifical Bible Institute, Rome publisher|PBI]], 1928.<br />
<br />
Ellermeier, Friedrich. ''Sumerisches Glossar'', I/1: ''Sumerische Lautwerte'', 1 & 2. Göttingen:<br />
F. Ellermeier, 1979-1980.<br />
<br />
Nibley, Hugh W. ''Lehi in the Desert and the World of the Jaredites'', 1<sup>st</sup> ed. (1952) = ''Collected Works of Hugh Nibley'' V. Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]]/[[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: Deseret Book, 1988.<br />
<br />
Owen, David I., and Gordon D. Young. “Ur III Texts in the Zion Research Library,<br />
Boston,” ''Journal of Cuneiform Studies'', 23/4 (1971):95-115.<br />
<br />
von Soden, Wolfram. ''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch'', 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz,<br />
1965-1981. [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|''AHw'']]<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">[[Robert F. Smith|RFS]] </div><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite noun]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=NEHOR&diff=11999
NEHOR
2015-02-02T21:23:41Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Jaredite GN|Jaredite GN]]'''<br />
|1. <br />
|City and land ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/ether/7.4,%209?lang=eng#3 Ether 7:4, 9])<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite PN|Lehite PN]]'''<br />
|2. <br />
|Apostate, executed ca. 91 B.C. ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/1.15?lang=eng#14 Alma 1:15]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/2.20?lang=eng#19 2:20]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/6.7?lang=eng#6 6:7]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/14.16,%2018?lang=eng#15 14:16, 18]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/15.15?lang=eng#14 15:15]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/16.11?lang=eng#10 16:11]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/24.29?lang=eng#28 24:29])<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|3. <br />
|Apostate group named from No. 2, termed “order of '''N<small>EHOR</small>'''”, “order and faith of '''N<small>EHOR</small>'''” , or “profession of '''N<small>EHOR</small>'''”<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
Until a possible language origin for [[JAREDITES|J<small>AREDITE</small>]] can be determined, all suggestions for etymologies of [[JAREDITES|J<small>AREDITE</small>]] names must remain more speculative than substantive.<br />
<br />
No etymology is suggested for the [[JAREDITES|J<small>AREDITE</small>]] [[Geographical Name|GN]]. Note that '''N<small>EHOR</small>''' and [[KORIHOR|K<small>ORIHOR</small>]], two of the three apostate preachers of the Book of Mormon (the third being [[SHEREM|S<small>HEREM</small>]]), bear names that probably are [[JAREDITES|J<small>AREDITE</small>]] in origin, which may say something about those involved in apostate movements.<br />
<br />
If the Lehite [[Personal Name|PN]] '''N<SMALL>EHOR</SMALL>''' is not dependent on the [[JAREDITES|J<small>AREDITE</small>]] [[Geographical Name|GN]], then perhaps biblical names can be appealed to for the Lehite [[Personal Name|PN]]. Biblical Nahor, ''nāḥōr'', the grandfather of [[ABRAHAM|A<small>BRAHAM</small>]] and Rebecca, and [[ABRAHAM|A<small>BRAHAM</small>]]'s brother, immediately comes to mind. Unfortunately, it does not have a secure etymology in [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]].<ref>See [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']], נחור . </ref> There is also a city in the Balikh valley of Old Babylonian [[SYRIA|S<small>YRIA</small>]] called ''naḫur'' (''na-ḫu-ur<sup>ki</sup>'').<ref>[[Brigitte Groneberg|Brigitte Groneberg]], ''Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der altbabylonischen Zeit'', Répertoire Géographique Textes Cunéiformes 3 [[Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients|''BTAVO'']] B 7/3 (Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert, 1980), 173.</ref> Also note the Palmyrene [[Personal Name|PN]] ''nḥwr'' ([[Jo Ann Hackett|JH]]). <br />
<br />
Less likely is the suggestion to derive the name from [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''nāhār'', “river.”<ref>[[George Reynolds|George Reynolds]], [[George Reynolds and Janne M. Sjodahl, Commentary on the Book of Mormon. P. C. Reynolds, ed. 7 vols. SLC: Deseret Book, 1955–1961.|''Commentary on the Book of Mormon'']] 6:37.</ref> Even less likely is [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''n-ḥr'', “belonging to Horus” ([[John A. Tvedtnes|JAT]]).<br />
<br />
See Book of Mormon [[DESOLATION OF NEHORS|D<small>ESOLATION OF</small> N<small>EHORS</small>]]<br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐤𐐀𐐐𐐃𐐡 (niːhɔːr)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Jaredite GN]][[Category:Lehite PN]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=NEHOR&diff=11998
NEHOR
2015-02-02T21:21:38Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Jaredite GN|Jaredite GN]]'''<br />
|1. <br />
|City and land ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/ether/7.4,%209?lang=eng#3 Ether 7:4, 9])<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite PN|Lehite PN]]'''<br />
|2. <br />
|Apostate, executed ca. 91 B.C. ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/1.15?lang=eng#14 Alma 1:15]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/2.20?lang=eng#19 2:20]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/6.7?lang=eng#6 6:7]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/14.16,%2018?lang=eng#15 14:16, 18]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/15.15?lang=eng#14 15:15]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/16.11?lang=eng#10 16:11]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/24.29?lang=eng#28 24:29])<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|3. <br />
|Apostate group named from No. 2, termed “order of '''N<small>EHOR</small>'''”, “order and faith of '''N<small>EHOR</small>'''” , or “profession of '''N<small>EHOR</small>'''”<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
Until a possible language origin for [[JAREDITES|J<small>AREDITE</small>]] can be determined, all suggestions for etymologies of [[JAREDITES|J<small>AREDITE</small>]] names must remain more speculative than substantive.<br />
<br />
No etymology is suggested for the [[JAREDITES|J<small>AREDITE</small>]] [[Geographical Name|GN]]. Note that '''N<small>EHOR</small>''' and [[KORIHOR|K<small>ORIHOR</small>]], two of the three apostate preachers of the Book of Mormon (the third being [[SHEREM|S<small>HEREM</small>]]), bear names that probably are [[JAREDITES|J<small>AREDITE</small>]] in origin, which may say something about those involved in apostate movements.<br />
<br />
If the Lehite [[Personal Name|PN]] '''N<SMALL>EHOR</SMALL>''' is not dependent on the [[JAREDITES|J<small>AREDITE</small>]] [[Geographical Name|GN]], then perhaps biblical names can be appealed to for the Lehite [[Personal Name|PN]]. Biblical Nahor, ''nāḥōr'', the grandfather of [[ABRAHAM|A<small>BRAHAM</small>]] and Rebecca, and [[ABRAHAM|A<small>BRAHAM</small>]]'s brother, immediately comes to mind. Unfortunately, it does not have a secure etymology in [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]].<ref>See [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']], נחור . </ref> There is also a city in the Balikh valley of Old Babylonian [[SYRIA|S<small>YRIA</small>]] called ''naḫur'' (''na-ḫu-ur<sup>ki</sup>'').<ref>Brigitte Groneberg, ''Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der altbabylonischen Zeit'', Répertoire Géographique Textes Cunéiformes 3 [[Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients|''BTAVO'']] B 7/3 (Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert, 1980), 173.</ref> Also note the Palmyrene [[Personal Name|PN]] ''nḥwr'' ([[Jo Ann Hackett|JH]]). <br />
<br />
Less likely is the suggestion to derive the name from [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''nāhār'', “river.”<ref>[[George Reynolds|George Reynolds]], [[George Reynolds and Janne M. Sjodahl, Commentary on the Book of Mormon. P. C. Reynolds, ed. 7 vols. SLC: Deseret Book, 1955–1961.|''Commentary on the Book of Mormon'']] 6:37.</ref> Even less likely is [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''n-ḥr'', “belonging to Horus” ([[John A. Tvedtnes|JAT]]).<br />
<br />
See Book of Mormon [[DESOLATION OF NEHORS|D<small>ESOLATION OF</small> N<small>EHORS</small>]]<br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐤𐐀𐐐𐐃𐐡 (niːhɔːr)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Jaredite GN]][[Category:Lehite PN]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=NEPHI&diff=11997
NEPHI
2015-02-02T21:18:39Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite PN|Lehite PN]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|Son of prophet [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]] No. 1, founder of [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITES</small>]] ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/1.1,%2016,%2020?lang=eng#primary 1 Nephi 1:Preface (x4), 1, 16, 20]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/2.16,%2019?lang=eng#15 2:16, 19]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/3.1,%207,%209?lang=eng#primary 3:1, 7, 9]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/4.5,%2014,%2031?lang=eng#4 4:5, 14, 31]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/6.1?lang=eng#primary 6:1]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/7.2,%203,%206,%208,%2016?lang=eng#1 7:2, 3, 6, 8, 16]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/8.3,%2014,%2029?lang=eng#2 8:3, 14, 29]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/9.2?lang=eng#1 9:2]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/10.1,%2017?lang=eng#primary 10:1, 17 (x2)]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/11.6,%2014,%2033?lang=eng#5 11:6, 14, 33]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/12.12?lang=eng#11 12:12]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/13.16,%2019,%2020,%2023?lang=eng#15 13:16, 19, 20, 23]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/14.5,%2014,%2027,%2028?lang=eng#4 14:5, 14, 27, 28]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/15.1,%204,%2019,%2025?lang=eng#primary 15:1, 4, 19, 25]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/16.1,%204,%207,%208,%2018,%2021,%2022,%2023,%2028,%2030,%2037?lang=eng#primary 16:1, 4, 7, 8, 18, 21, 22, 23, 28, 30, 37]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/17.7,%2011,%2015,%2019,%2023,%2049,%2052?lang=eng#6 17:7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 49, 52]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/18.2,%203,%2010,%2022?lang=eng#1 18:2, 3, 10 (x2), 22]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/19.3,%204,%2018,%2022?lang=eng#2 19:3, 4, 18, 22]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/22.1,%202,%2021,%2027,%2029?lang=eng#primary 22:1, 2, 21, 27, 29]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/2-ne/1.1,%2028,%2030?lang=eng#primary 2 Nephi 1:Preface, 1, 28, 30]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/2-ne/2.3?lang=eng#2 2:3]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/2-ne/3.25?lang=eng#24 3:25]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/2-ne/4.1,%2011,%2014?lang=eng#primary 4:1, 11, 14]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/2-ne/5.1,%205,%206,%2012,%2014,%2016,%2017,%2018,%2026,%2029,%2031?lang=eng#primary 5:1, 5, 6, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 26, 29, 31]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/2-ne/6.1,%202?lang=eng#primary 6:1, 2]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/2-ne/11.2?lang=eng#1 11:2]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/2-ne/25.1,%202,%206?lang=eng#primary 25:1, 2, 6]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/2-ne/26.7?lang=eng#6 26:7]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/2-ne/29.2?lang=eng#1 29:2]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/2-ne/30.1?lang=eng#primary 30:1]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/2-ne/31.1?lang=eng#primary 31:1]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/2-ne/32.7?lang=eng#6 32:7]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/2-ne/33.1,%203?lang=eng#primary 33:1, 3]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/jacob/1.1,%208,%209,%2010,%2012,%2014,%2018?lang=eng#primary Jacob 1:1, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 18]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/jacob/2.1?lang=eng#primary 2:1 (x2)]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/jacob/3.14?lang=eng#13 3:14]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/jacob/7.27?lang=eng#26 7:27]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/w-of-m/1.3?lang=eng#2 Words of Mormon 1:3]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/10.13,%2017?lang=eng#12 Mosiah 10:13, 17]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/11.13?lang=eng#12 11:13]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/17.2?lang=eng#1 17:2]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/24.4?lang=eng#3 24:4]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/25.2?lang=eng#1 25:2 (x2)]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/25.12,%2013?lang=eng#11 25:12 (x2), 13]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/3.6,%2014,%2017?lang=eng#5 Alma 3:6, 14, 17]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/10.3?lang=eng#2 10:3]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/47.35?lang=eng#34 47:35]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/2.14?lang=eng#13 Helaman 2:14]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/7.7?lang=eng#6 7:7]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/1.2?lang=eng#1 3 Nephi 1:Preface, 2]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/5.9,%2010?lang=eng#8 5:9, 10]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/4-ne/1.21,%2039?lang=eng#20 4 Nephi 1:21, 39]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/morm/1.5?lang=eng#4 Mormon 1:5]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/morm/8.13?lang=eng#12 8:13])<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|2. <br />
|Eldest son of [[HELAMAN|H<small>ELAMAN</small>]] No.3, brother of [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]] No. 4 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/3.21,%2037?lang=eng#20 Helaman 3:21, 37]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/4.14?lang=eng#13 4:14]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/5.1,%204,%2018,%2020,%2023,%2026,%2036,%2037,%2044?lang=eng#primary 5:1, 4, 18, 20, 23 (x2), 26, 36, 37, 44]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/6.6?lang=eng#5 6:6]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/7.1,%206,%2010,%2011,%2012?lang=eng#primary 7:Preface, 1, 6, 10, 11, 12]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/8.1,%203,%207,%2010,%2022?lang=eng#primary 8:1, 3 (x2), 7, 10, 22]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/9.1,%204,%205,%208,%2011,%2014,%2015,%2016,%2018,%2019,%2021,%2027,%2036,%2037,%2038,%2039,%2040?lang=eng#primary 9:1, 4, 5, 8, 11, 14, 15, 16 (x2), 18, 19, 21, 27, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/10.1,%202,%204,%206,%2012,%2013,%2014,%2015?lang=eng#primary 10:1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 13, 14, 15]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/11.3,%205,%207,%208,%209,%2018,%2023?lang=eng#2 11:3, 5, 7, 8, 9 (x2), 18, 23]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/16.1,%203,%204?lang=eng#primary 16:1, 3, 4]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/1.10?lang=eng#9 3 Nephi 1:10]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/2.9?lang=eng#8 2:9]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/ether/12.14?lang=eng#13 Ether 12:14])<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|3. <br />
|Eldest son of No. 2 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/1.2,%203,%2010,%2015,%2023?lang=eng#1 3 Nephi 1:2, 3, 10, 15, 23]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/2.9,%2017?lang=eng#8 2:9, 17]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/5.9?lang=eng#8 5:9]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/7.15,%2017,%2023,%2025?lang=eng#14 7:15, 17, 23, 25]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/11.18,%2019?lang=eng#17 11:18 (x2), 19]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/12.1?lang=eng#primary 12:1]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/19.4,%2011?lang=eng#3 19:4, 11]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/23.7,%208,%2012?lang=eng#6 23:7, 8, 12])<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|4. <br />
|Son of No. 3 ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/4-ne/1.19?lang=eng#18 4 Nephi 1:19])<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite GN|Lehite GN]]'''<br />
|5. <br />
|Land of, land of Lehites' first inheritance = Land of [[LEHI-NEPHI|L<small>EHI-NEPHI</small>]] ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/2-ne/5.8?lang=eng#7 2 Nephi 5:8 (x2)]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/omni/1.12,%2027?lang=eng#11 Omni 1:12, 27]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/w-of-m/1.13?lang=eng#12 Words of Mormon 1:13]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/7.6,%207?lang=eng#5 Mosiah 7:6, 7]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/9.1,%2014?lang=eng#primary 9:1, 14]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/19.15,%2019,%2022,%2024?lang=eng#14 19:15, 19, 22, 24]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/20.7?lang=eng#6 20:7]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/21.21,%2026?lang=eng#20 21:21, 26]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/23.35,%2036,%2037,%2038?lang=eng#34 23:35, 36, 37, 38]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/27.16?lang=eng#15 27:16]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/28.1,%205?lang=eng#primary 28:1, 5]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/29.3?lang=eng#2 29:3]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/2.24?lang=eng#23 Alma 2:24]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/5.3?lang=eng#2 5:3]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/17.8?lang=eng#7 17:Preface, 8]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/18.9?lang=eng#8 18:9 (x2)]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/20.1,%202?lang=eng#primary 20:1, 2]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/22.1,%2028,%2032,%2034?lang=eng#primary 22:1, 28 (x2), 32, 34]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/24.20?lang=eng#19 24:20]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/25.13?lang=eng#12 25:13]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/26.23?lang=eng#22 26:23]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/27.1,%2014,%2020,%2023?lang=eng#primary 27:1, 14, 20, 23]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/28.8?lang=eng#7 28:8]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/29.14?lang=eng#13 29:14]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/46.29?lang=eng#28 46:29]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/47.1,%2020?lang=eng#primary 47:1, 20]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/49.10,%2025?lang=eng#9 49:10, 25]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/50.8,%2011?lang=eng#7 50:8, 11]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/53.6?lang=eng#5 53:6]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/54.6?lang=eng#5 54:6]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/56.3,%2012?lang=eng#2 56:3, 12]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/58.38?lang=eng#37 58:38]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/4.12?lang=eng#11 Helaman 4:12]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/5.20?lang=eng#19 5:20])<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|6. <br />
|City of, chief city in Land of '''N<small>EPHI</small>''' ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/9.15?lang=eng#14 Mosiah 9:15]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/20.3?lang=eng#2 20:3]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/21.1,%2012?lang=eng#primary 21:1, 12]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/23.11?lang=eng#10 23:11]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/47.20,%2031?lang=eng#19 Alma 47:20, 31])<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite Gentilic|Lehite Gentilic]]'''<br />
|7.<br />
|People of ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/2-ne/5.9?lang=eng#8 2 Nephi 5:9]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/2-ne/6.1?lang=eng#primary 6:1]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/jacob/1.2,%2014,%2015?lang=eng#1 Jacob 1:Preface, 2, 14 (x2), 15]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/jacob/2.1?lang=eng#primary 2:1]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/jacob/3.12?lang=eng#11 3:12]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/jacob/7.1,%2025?lang=eng#primary 7:1, 25]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/enos/1.19,%2020,%2021?lang=eng#18 Enos 1:19, 20, 21]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/jarom/1.5,%2010?lang=eng#4 Jarom 1:5, 10]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/25.3,%204?lang=eng#2 Mosiah 25:3, 4]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/29.47?lang=eng#46 29:47]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/1.1,%2033?lang=eng#primary Alma 1:Preface, 1, 33]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/2.16,%2026?lang=eng#15 2:16, 26]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/3.11,%2020?lang=eng#10 3:11, 20]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/4.1,%205,%2019,%2020?lang=eng#primary 4:1, 5, 19, 20]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/8.2,%203,%207?lang=eng#1 8:2, 3, 7]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/9.19?lang=eng#18 9:19]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/14.23?lang=eng#22 14:23]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/15.19?lang=eng#18 15:19]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/16.1,%2012,%2021?lang=eng#primary 16:1, 12 (x2), 21]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/18.41?lang=eng#40 18:41]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/27.27?lang=eng#26 27:27]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/28.3,%204,%207?lang=eng#2 28:3 (x2), 4, 7]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/30.2,%204?lang=eng#1 30:2, 4]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/35.12?lang=eng#11 35:12]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/43.19?lang=eng#18 43:19]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/44.24?lang=eng#23 44:24]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/45.1,%202,%2011,%2013,%2020,%2022?lang=eng#primary 45:Preface, 1, 2, 11, 13 (x2), 20, 22]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/46.7?lang=eng#6 46:7]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/47.1?lang=eng#primary 47:1]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/48.1?lang=eng#primary 48:1]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/49.28,%2029?lang=eng#27 49:28, 29]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/50.17,%2021,%2023,%2025,%2032,%2035,%2037,%2040?lang=eng#16 50:17 (x2), 21, 23 (x2), 25, 32, 35, 37, 40]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/51.1,%209,%2037?lang=eng#primary 51:1, 9, 37]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/52.1,%2014,%2018?lang=eng#primary 52:1, 14, 18]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/53.2,%2023?lang=eng#1 53:2, 23]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/55.1,%2035?lang=eng#primary 55:1, 35]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/56.54?lang=eng#53 56:54]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/59.1?lang=eng#primary 59:1]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/62.11,%2012,%2039,%2040,%2042,%2048,%2052?lang=eng#10 62:11, 12, 39, 40, 42, 48, 52]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/63.1,%2016?lang=eng#primary 63:1, 16]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/1.1,%205,%2012?lang=eng#primary Helaman 1:1, 5, 12]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/2.12,%2013?lang=eng#11 2:12, 13]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/3.1,%2017,%2022?lang=eng#primary 3:1, 17, 22]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/5.14,%2016?lang=eng#13 5:14, 16]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/6.32,%2041?lang=eng#31 6:32, 41]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/7?lang=eng 7:Preface (x2)]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/11.1,%205,%2020,%2024,%2027,%2029?lang=eng#primary 11:1, 5, 20, 24 (x2), 27, 29]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/15.3?lang=eng#2 15:3 (x2)]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/16.9,%2024?lang=eng#8 16:9, 24]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/2.17,%2018?lang=eng#16 3 Nephi 2:17 (x2), 18 (x2)]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/4.16?lang=eng#15 4:16 (x2)]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/7.13?lang=eng#12 7:13]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/10.18?lang=eng#17 10:18]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/11.1?lang=eng#primary 11:Preface, 1]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/28.23?lang=eng#22 28:23]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/4-ne/1.10,%2043,%2045?lang=eng#9 4 Nephi 1:Preface, 10, 43, 45]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/morm/2.1,%2011,%2020?lang=eng#primary Mormon 2:1, 11, 20]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/ether/8.21?lang=eng#20 Ether 8:21])<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite Title|Lehite Title]]'''<br />
|8.<br />
|Title meaning "king" ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/jacob/1.11?lang=eng#10 Jacob 1:11 (x2)])<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|9.<br />
|Plates of, large and small ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/9.2?lang=eng#1 1 Nephi 9:2 (x2)]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/jacob/7.26?lang=eng#25 Jacob 7:26]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/jarom/1.14?lang=eng#13 Jarom 1:14]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/w-of-m/1.3,%205,%209?lang=eng#2 Words of Mormon 1:3, 5, 9]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/1.6,%2016?lang=eng#5 Mosiah 1:6, 16]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/28.11?lang=eng#10 28:11]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/37.2?lang=eng#1 Alma 37:2]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/44.24?lang=eng#23 44:24]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/5.10?lang=eng#9 3 Nephi 5:10]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/26.7,%2011?lang=eng#6 26:7, 11]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/4-ne/1.19,%2021?lang=eng#18 4 Nephi 1:19 (x2), 21]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/morm/1.4?lang=eng#3 Mormon 1:4 (x2)]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/morm/2.17,%2018?lang=eng#16 2:17, 18]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/morm/6.6?lang=eng#5 6:6])<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
The most likely derivation of the name is [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''nfr'' "good, beautiful." ([[John Gee|JG]])<ref>[[John Gee]], "A Note on the Name ''Nephi''," [[Journal of Book of Mormon Studies|''JBMS'']] 1/1 (1992): 189-191; [[John Gee]], “Four Suggestions on the Origin of the Name Nephi,” in ''Pressing Forward with the Book of Mormon'', ed. [[John W. Welch]], and [[Melvin J. Thorne]] (Provo, Utah: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 1999), 1-5.</ref> The final ''r'' in [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] had dropped out of pronunciation about a thousand years earlier,<ref>William F. Edgerton, "Stress, Vowel Quality, and Syllable Division in Egyptian," ''Journal of Near Eastern Studies'' 6/1 (1947): 10-17.</ref> and it is attested as a personal name at the time of [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]].<ref>[[Hermann Ranke|Ranke]], [[Hermann Ranke, Die ägyptischen Personennamen. 2 vols. Glückstadt: Augustin, 1935-52.|''Die ägyptischen Personennamen'']] 1:194.</ref><br />
<br />
In Semitic languages, two directions exist for seeking the etymology of this important Book of Mormon name, ''nph''/''ḥ'' or ''nv̄ p'' or ''n'' aleph ''p''. Historical and current [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS]] pronunciation of the name <br />
would favor the latter, reading the ''ph'' as one phoneme [''f''], rather than as two, [''p''] and [''h''/''ḥ'']. However, I am unaware of any root in Semitic corresponding with ''nv̄''/''ʿp''. Both <br />
''npḥ'', “to breathe, blow” ([[John A. Tvedtnes|JAT]], [[Jo Ann Hackett|JH]]), and ''nph'', “to discard, banish, reject” ([[Jo Ann Hackett|JH]]) exist in West Semitic, though the latter is not attested in North-west Semitic ([[Jo Ann Hackett|JH]]). ''Nap_pnu'' means <br />
“anblasen, entzünden; aufgehen” and appears in the form ''niphu'' “Aufleuchten, Entbrennen” and refers metaphorically to sun up and star up. It occurs in the feminine names <br />
''i-na-ni-ip-pni-ša-al-si-iš'' and ''i-na-nippni''(SAR)''-ša-al-si-iš'' (Stamm, [[Jakob J. Stamm, Akkadischen Namengebung.|''ANG'']], 200). The form may be related to the biblical Zimri/Omri and Book of Mormon [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]]/[[LIMHI|L<small>IMHI</small>]], etc. <br />
([[Personal Name|PN]]). The root also occurs in the Akkadian term ''nappahu'' "smith".<br />
<br />
An equally or even more promising derivation would come from [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''nfw'' (later ''nfy''), “captain, skipper, chief of sailors” (Coptic ''ne''(''e'')''f'', ''neeb''), from meaning “breathe, blow <br />
at” ([[Robert F. Smith|RFS]], [[Jo Ann Hackett|JH]], [[John A. Tvedtnes|JAT]]).<ref>[[Robert F. Smith|Robert F. Smith]] proposes that [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''nfw'' is cognate with West Semitic ''npḥ'' but this is doubted by [[John Gee|JG]] as Semitic ''ḥ'' does not become ''w'' in [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]].</ref> [[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]] wrote that “''Nfy'' was the name of an [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] captain,” implying a [[Personal Name|PN]] rather than a word meaning “captain” ([[Hugh W. Nibley, "Lehi in the Desert; The World of the Jaredites; There Were Jaredites." John W. Welch, Darrell L. Matthews, and Stephen R. Callister, eds. Collected Works of Hugh Nibley. 5. Salt Lake City/Provo: Deseret Book/FARMS, 1988.|''LID'']], 27; see <br />
also [[Hugh Nibley, An Approach to the Book of Mormon. 3rd ed. Collected Works of Hugh Nibley 6. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, FARMS, 1988.|''ABM'']], 234); the term ''nfy'' is attested as an [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] name but not after the New Kingdom.<ref>[[Hermann Ranke|Ranke]], [[Hermann Ranke, Die ägyptischen Personennamen. 2 vols. Glückstadt: Augustin, 1935-52.|''Die ägyptischen Personennamen'']] 1:193</ref> See also [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''nfʿ=i'', “I am driven away” (passive ''sdm=f'') ([[Edward H. Ashment|EHA]]). If correct, the name could be metonymic, in view of '''N<small>EPHI</small>'''’s forced departure from his <br />
homeland ([[John A. Tvedtnes|JAT]]). This is unlikely because the so-called passive sdm=f is a circumstantial past passive meaning in this case "since I had been driven away." It would have to be a dependent clause and is not nominalized.<br />
<br />
[[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]] notes the [[Personal Name|PN]] ''nfy'' on at least 10 Nabatean inscriptions. In one case, ''nfy'' is the father of one ''lmy'', where the ''y'' is defective and may, according to Jaussen, have been ''n'', <br />
hence [[LAMAN|L<small>AMAN</small>]] (if it is really ''y'', cf. Book of Mormon [[LAMAH|L<small>AMAH</small>]]—[[John A. Tvedtnes|JAT]]), while in another ''hnfy'' appears with the name ''mrmlw'', for which cf. [[MORMON|M<small>ORMON</small>]] ([[Hugh Nibley, An Approach to the Book of Mormon. 3rd ed. Collected Works of Hugh Nibley 6. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, FARMS, 1988.|''ABM'']], 239 and esp. fn. 28 [in the <br />
reprint by [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]]; fn. 27 in the 1964 Deseret edition] to Chap. 22).<br />
<br />
The Aramaic [[Geographical Name|GN]] ''npʾ'' occurs in the Elephantine documents (7:4) ([[Edward H. Ashment|EHA]]).<br />
<br />
Implausible is the suggestion to derive '''N<small>EPHI</small>''' from the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] word for prophet, ''nābīʾ''. Such a derivation ([[George Reynolds|Reynolds]], Commentary on the Book of Mormon, I, p. 3 and IV, p. <br />
275) is based on the erroneous reading “nevi” from “nebhi,” which is the masoretic pronunciation of the first two syllables of the plural “prophets.” But we do not know if <br />
masoretic pronunciation held in [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]]’s day; and even if the pronunciation were certain for [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]]’s day, part of the plural form cannot be used to explain a word that looks <br />
singular. The fact that the niphal form may mean “speak under divine influence” is irrelevant. In other words, the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] “bet” in ''nābīʾ'', despite spirantization, cannot be <br />
turned into the [''f''] of '''N<small>EPHI</small>'''.<br />
<br />
Some would like to see the '''N<small>EPHI</small>''' in 2 Macc. 1:36 of the [[King James Version|KJV]] (Greek ''neai'', an alternate name for ''naphtha'', the Aramaic word for petroleum, which is usually rendered by Greek <br />
''near'') as the most likely origin of Book of Mormon '''N<small>EPHI</small>''' ([[Jo Ann Hackett|JH]]). In view of the fact that the Greek does not read '''N<small>EPHI</small>''', neither would the Aramaic, Joseph Smith would have to <br />
have taken the name from his [[King James Version|KJV]] Bible which, it is now known, contained the Apocrypha ([[John A. Tvedtnes|JAT]]). But it seems unlikely that Joseph Smith would have rendered a [[Personal Name|PN]] from the <br />
Plates with an erroneous [[King James Version|KJV]] reading of a Greek noun of an Aramaic/[[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] word for petroleum. Confer also ''nea'', ''near'' in 1 Esdr. 5:2. ([[Robert F. Smith|RFS]]; *CANNOT FIND IN 1 [[Esdras in the Apocrypha|ESDR]]. 5:2!!!!) <br />
([[Robert F. Smith|RFS]]).<br />
<br />
[[Thelona D. Stevens|Thelona Stevens]] suggested that '''N<small>EPHI</small>''' was related to the Nahua arguing that "the Nahuas had lost all the labial sounds except ''p'' and ''u''." and therefore "the word 'Nahua' may, therefore, as far as the pronunciation indicates, be considered identical with '<b>N<small>EPHI</small></b>.'"<ref>[[Thelona D. Stevens]], "Book of Mormon Names in Indian Languages," ''Saints' Herald'' 115 (1 July 1968): 456.</ref> Since there is a phoneme ''p'' in Nahuatl,<ref>Thelma D. Sullivan and Neville Stiles, ''Compendium of Nahuatli Grammar'' (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1988), 6.</ref> however, there is no reason that '''N<small>EPHI</small>''' would need to be represented as "Nahua" rather than "'''N<small>EPHI</small>'''."<br />
<br />
Alex Morgan has suggested in a private communication (postmarked 24 May 2001) that [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/neh/7/52#52 Nehemiah 7:52]: Nephishesim and [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/ezra/2/50#50 Ezra 2:50] Nephusim may have something to do with <br />
'''N<small>EPHI</small>'''. Both refer to “Nachkommen v. Kriegsgefangen aus d. ismaelitishcen Stamm npyš,” ([[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']], ''pwsym'') a son of [[ISHMAEL|I<small>SHMAEL</small>]]. <br />
<br />
Cf. Book of Mormon [[LEHI-NEPHI|L<small>EHINEPHI</small>]], [[NEPHIHAH|N<small>EPHIHAH</small>]], [[ZENEPHI|Z<small>ENEPHI</small>]] (and perhaps [[ZENIFF|Z<small>ENIFF</small>]]), and [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE(S)</small>]]<br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐤𐐀𐐙𐐌 (niːfaɪ), 𐐤𐐁𐐙𐐌 (neɪfaɪ)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
'''Bibliography'''<br />
----<br />
*[[M. Wells Jakeman]] “Izapa Stela 5 and the Book of Mormon.” Instructor 96 (December 1961): 410-11, 429.<br />
*[[Henry A. Smith]] “Interesting Clipping.” Church News 35 (September 11, 1965): 6; reprint from "Chiapas Find of Relevance to Document." El Paso Times, July 5, 1965.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite PN]][[Category:Lehite GN]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=OMNI&diff=11996
OMNI
2015-02-02T20:01:56Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite PN|Lehite PN]]'''<br />
|[[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] historian and scribe ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/jarom/1.15?lang=eng#14 Jarom 1:15], [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/omni/1.1?lang=eng#primary Omni 1:1])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
'''O<small>MNI</small>''' may be derived from the Hebrew root ''ʾmn'', meaning "to be true, faithful" as well as "to confirm, support," and may be linked to the segholate form ''ʾomen'', "faithfulness, trust." The name could be a hypocoristic form of *''ʾomniyyahu'', "faithfulness of the Lord," with a ''hireq compaginis'', or, alternatively, without a ''hireq compaginis'', "the Lord is my trust," ([[Jo Ann Hackett|JH]]) “the Lord is (the object of) my trust,” or the substantive ''ʾomen'' with a first common singular pronominal suffix, thus ''ʾomnī'', "my faithfulness, my trust," “(the object of) my faithfulness, trust,” or as a gentilic “Faithful, Trustworthy.” It could also be a diminutive form in ''-î''.<ref>[[Martin Noth|Martin Noth]], [[Martin Noth, Die israelitischen Personennamen im Rahmen der gemeinsemitischen Namengebung. Beiträge zur Wissenschaft vom Alten und Neuen Testament, III, 10. Stuttgart, 1928 /reprint: Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1966.|''IPN'']], 38.</ref><br />
<br />
The form for '''O<small>MNI</small>''' may follow the Omri/Zimri pattern. If '''O<small>MNI</small>''' follows the Omri pattern, then we should note that Winfried Thiel suggests that ''ˤomrî'' may be hypocoristic for hypothetical *''ˤomrîyyāhû'' “Yahweh is my life; (the) life, which Yahweh (has given).”<ref>Thiel, “Omri,” in D. Freedman, ed. [[David Freedman, ed. Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, 1992.|''Anchor Bible Dictionary'']] V:17; she likewise sees Zimri as short for Zimriyyahu “Yahweh is (my) protection.”; [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament'']] II: 850, comparing Arabic ''ˤamara'' “to live.”</ref> On that analogy, we might translate *''ʼomnîyyāhû'' “Yahweh is my faith, Yahweh is (the object of) my faith; (the) trust that Yahweh (has given).”<br />
<br />
<br />
Cf. Book of Mormon [[OMNER|O<small>MNER</small>]], [[AMMON|A<small>MMON</small>]], [[AMNIHU|A<small>MNIHU</small>]], [[ANTIOMNO|A<small>NTIOMNO</small>]], et al.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;"> [[Robert F. Smith|RFS]] </div> <br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐉𐐣𐐤𐐌 (ɒmnaɪ)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite PN]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=OMNI&diff=11995
OMNI
2015-02-02T20:01:01Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite PN|Lehite PN]]'''<br />
|[[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] historian and scribe ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/jarom/1.15?lang=eng#14 Jarom 1:15], [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/omni/1.1?lang=eng#primary Omni 1:1])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
'''O<small>MNI</small>''' may be derived from the Hebrew root ''ʾmn'', meaning "to be true, faithful" as well as "to confirm, support," and may be linked to the segholate form ''ʾomen'', "faithfulness, trust." The name could be a hypocoristic form of *''ʾomniyyahu'', "faithfulness of the Lord," with a ''hireq compaginis'', or, alternatively, without a ''hireq compaginis'', "the Lord is my trust," ([[Jo Ann Hackett|JH]]) “the Lord is (the object of) my trust,” or the substantive ''ʾomen'' with a first common singular pronominal suffix, thus ''ʾomnī'', "my faithfulness, my trust," “(the object of) my faithfulness, trust,” or as a gentilic “Faithful, Trustworthy.” It could also be a diminutive form in ''-î''.<ref>Noth, [[Martin Noth, Die israelitischen Personennamen im Rahmen der gemeinsemitischen Namengebung. Beiträge zur Wissenschaft vom Alten und Neuen Testament, III, 10. Stuttgart, 1928 /reprint: Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1966.|''IPN'']], 38.</ref><br />
<br />
The form for '''O<small>MNI</small>''' may follow the Omri/Zimri pattern. If '''O<small>MNI</small>''' follows the Omri pattern, then we should note that Winfried Thiel suggests that ''ˤomrî'' may be hypocoristic for hypothetical *''ˤomrîyyāhû'' “Yahweh is my life; (the) life, which Yahweh (has given).”<ref>Thiel, “Omri,” in D. Freedman, ed. [[David Freedman, ed. Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. N.Y.: Doubleday, 1992.|''Anchor Bible Dictionary'']] V:17; she likewise sees Zimri as short for Zimriyyahu “Yahweh is (my) protection.”; [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament'']] II: 850, comparing Arabic ''ˤamara'' “to live.”</ref> On that analogy, we might translate *''ʼomnîyyāhû'' “Yahweh is my faith, Yahweh is (the object of) my faith; (the) trust that Yahweh (has given).”<br />
<br />
<br />
Cf. Book of Mormon [[OMNER|O<small>MNER</small>]], [[AMMON|A<small>MMON</small>]], [[AMNIHU|A<small>MNIHU</small>]], [[ANTIOMNO|A<small>NTIOMNO</small>]], et al.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;"> [[Robert F. Smith|RFS]] </div> <br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐉𐐣𐐤𐐌 (ɒmnaɪ)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite PN]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=PAANCHI&diff=11994
PAANCHI
2015-01-28T21:50:04Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite PN|Lehite PN]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|Contender for the Judgement seat, son of [[PAHORAN|P<small>AHORAN</small>]] No. 1, d. 52 BC ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/1.3,%207?lang=eng#2 Helaman 1:3, 7])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
'''P<small>AANCHI</small>''' is likely the [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] name ''p3-ʿnh'' first attested in the Thirteenth Dynasty (ca. 1800-1600 B.C.)<ref>H. S. Smith, ''The Fortress of Buhen: The Inscriptions'' (London: Egypt Exploration Society, 1976), Plate V 4 (#1078), line 5'.</ref> becoming popular from the Twenty-First through Twenty-Seventh Dynasties,<ref>[[Hermann Ranke]], [[Hermann Ranke, Die ägyptischen Personennamen. 2 vols. Glückstadt: Augustin, 1935-52.|''Die ägyptischen Personennamen'']], 1:103.</ref> and surviving until Roman times (transcribed into Greek as ''Ponchēs'').<ref>Erich Lüddeckens, et al., ''Demotisches Namenbuch'' (Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, 1983), 1.3:162.</ref> The name means "the living one."<ref>Lüddeckens, et al., ''Demotisches Namenbuch'', 1.3:162.</ref> ([[John Gee|JG]])<br />
<br />
[[Hugh W. Nibley|Hugh Nibley]] has suggested that this is the same name as the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty [[PHARAOH|P<small>HARAOH</small>]],<ref>[[Hugh W. Nibley, "Lehi in the Desert; The World of the Jaredites; There Were Jaredites." John W. Welch, Darrell L. Matthews, and Stephen R. Callister, eds. Collected Works of Hugh Nibley. 5. Salt Lake City/Provo: Deseret Book/FARMS, 1988.|''Lehi in the Desert'']], 22–23, 27; [[Hugh Nibley, An Approach to the Book of Mormon. 3rd ed. Collected Works of Hugh Nibley 6. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, FARMS, 1988.|''An Approach to the Book of Mormon'']] , 232; see also [[Hugh W. Nibley, Since Cumorah: The Book of Mormon in the Modern World. 1st ed. SLC: Deseret Book, 1967.; 2nd ed. CWHN 7. SLC: FARMS/Deseret, 1988.|''Since Cumorah'']], 194.</ref> but that [[PHARAOH|P<small>HARAOH</small>]]'s name has been reread as Piye.<ref>Richard A. Parker, "King Py, a Historical Problem," ''Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde'' 93 (1966): 111—14.</ref><br />
<br />
[[Robert F. Smith|Robert Smith]] has suggested that perhaps this is the name given to [[JOSEPH|J<small>OSEPH</small>]] by [[PHARAOH|P<small>HARAOH</small>]], ''paʿnēaḥ'', Paaneah in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/41/45#45 Genesis 41:45]. ([[Robert F. Smith|RFS]]) The full name (Zaphnath-paaneah) fits a well-known [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] name pattern: ''dd-DN-iw=f-ʿnh'' "[[Divine Name|DN]] has said: 'he will live!'"<ref>[[John Gee]], "Egyptian Society during the Twenth-Sixth Dynasty," in ''Glimpses of Lehi's Jerusalem'' (Provo, Utah: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2004), 280, 289-90.</ref> The hypochoristic form of the name ''iw=f-ʿnh'' is known from the Ptolemaic period,<ref>Lüddeckens, et al., ''Demotisches Namenbuch'', ; [[Hermann Ranke|Ranke]], ''Die ägyptischen Personennamen'', 1:14.</ref> but non-hypochoristic forms are known much earlier.<br />
<br />
Cf. Book of Mormon [[PACUMENI|P<small>ACUMENI</small>]], [[PAHORAN|P<small>AHORAN</small>]] ([[PACHUS|P<small>ACHUS</small>]], [[PAGAG|P<small>AGAG</small>]]?), [[TEOMNER|T<small>EOMNER</small>]], [[TEANCUM|T<small>EANCUM</small>]].<br />
<br />
See also the Philistine name ''ptgyh'', a goddess worshiped in the [[PHILISTINES|P<small>HILISTINE</small>]] city of Ekron, possibly meaning “‘the goddess Gaia (Earth) who was worshiped in Pytho.’”<ref>See Tristan Barako, “One: by Sea,” [[Biblical Archaeology Review|''Biblical Archaeology Review'']], vol. 29, no. 2 (March/April 2003): 31.</ref><br />
<br />
See also [[Paanchi Variants]]<br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
[[Paanchi Variants|Paachi]]<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐑𐐁𐐈𐐤𐐗𐐌 (peɪænkaɪ)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
'''Bibliography'''<br />
----<br />
[[John Gee]], "La Trahison des Clercs: On the Language and Translation of the Book of Mormon," ''Review of Books on the Book of Mormon'' 6/1 (1994): 110-111 and n. 200.<br />
<br />
[[Hugh W. Nibley]], ''Lehi in the Desert'', 24–25, 29.<br />
<br />
[[Hugh W. Nibley]], ''Approach to the Book of Mormon'', 232.<br />
<br />
[[Hugh W. Nibley]], ''Since Cumorah'', 194.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite PN]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=PAANCHI&diff=11993
PAANCHI
2015-01-28T21:09:32Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite PN|Lehite PN]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|Contender for the Judgement seat, son of [[PAHORAN|P<small>AHORAN</small>]] No. 1, d. 52 BC ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/1.3,%207?lang=eng#2 Helaman 1:3, 7])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
'''P<small>AANCHI</small>''' is likely the [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] name ''p3-ʿnh'' first attested in the Thirteenth Dynasty (ca. 1800-1600 B.C.)<ref>H. S. Smith, ''The Fortress of Buhen: The Inscriptions'' (London: Egypt Exploration Society, 1976), Plate V 4 (#1078), line 5'.</ref> becoming popular from the Twenty-First through Twenty-Seventh Dynasties,<ref>[[Hermann Ranke]], [[Hermann Ranke, Die ägyptischen Personennamen. 2 vols. Glückstadt: Augustin, 1935-52.|''Die ägyptischen Personennamen'']], 1:103.</ref> and surviving until Roman times (transcribed into Greek as ''Ponchēs'').<ref>Erich Lüddeckens, et al., ''Demotisches Namenbuch'' (Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, 1983), 1.3:162.</ref> The name means "the living one."<ref>Lüddeckens, et al., ''Demotisches Namenbuch'', 1.3:162.</ref> ([[John Gee|JG]])<br />
<br />
[[Hugh W. Nibley|Hugh Nibley]] has suggested that this is the same name as the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty [[PHARAOH|P<small>HARAOH</small>]],<ref>[[Hugh W. Nibley, "Lehi in the Desert; The World of the Jaredites; There Were Jaredites." John W. Welch, Darrell L. Matthews, and Stephen R. Callister, eds. Collected Works of Hugh Nibley. 5. Salt Lake City/Provo: Deseret Book/FARMS, 1988.|''Lehi in the Desert'']], 22–23, 27; [[Hugh Nibley, An Approach to the Book of Mormon. 3rd ed. Collected Works of Hugh Nibley 6. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, FARMS, 1988.|''An Approach to the Book of Mormon'']] , 232; see also [[Hugh W. Nibley, Since Cumorah: The Book of Mormon in the Modern World. 1st ed. SLC: Deseret Book, 1967.; 2nd ed. CWHN 7. SLC: FARMS/Deseret, 1988.|''Since Cumorah'']], 194.</ref> but that [[PHARAOH|P<small>HARAOH</small>]]'s name has been reread as Piye.<ref>Richard A. Parker, "King Py, a Historical Problem," ''Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde'' 93 (1966): 111—14.</ref><br />
<br />
[[Robert F. Smith|Robert Smith]] has suggested that perhaps this is the name given to [[JOSEPH|J<small>OSEPH</small>]] by [[PHARAOH|P<small>HARAOH</small>]], ''paʿnēaḥ'', Paaneah in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/41/45#45 Genesis 41:45]. ([[Robert F. Smith|RFS]]) The full name (Zaphnath-paaneah) fits a well-known [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] name pattern: ''dd-DN-iw=f-ʿnh'' "[[Divine Name|DN]] has said: 'he will live!'"<ref>[[John Gee]], "Egyptian Society during the Twenth-Sixth Dynasty," in ''Glimpses of Lehi's Jerusalem'' (Provo, Utah: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2004), 280, 289-90.</ref> The hypochoristic form of the name ''iw=f-ʿnh'' is known from the Ptolemaic period,<ref>Lüddeckens, et al., ''Demotisches Namenbuch'', ; [[Hermann Ranke|Ranke]], ''Die ägyptischen Personennamen'', 1:14.</ref> but non-hypochoristic forms are known much earlier.<br />
<br />
Cf. Book of Mormon [[PACUMENI|P<small>ACUMENI</small>]], [[PAHORAN|P<small>AHORAN</small>]] ([[PACHUS|P<small>ACHUS</small>]], [[PAGAG|P<small>AGAG</small>]]?), [[TEOMNER|T<small>EOMNER</small>]], [[TEANCUM|T<small>EANCUM</small>]].<br />
<br />
See also the Philistine name ''ptgyh'', a goddess worshiped in the [[PHILISTINES|P<small>HILISTINE</small>]] city of Ekron, possibly meaning “‘the goddess Gaia (Earth) who was worshiped in Pytho.’”<ref>See Tristan Barako, “One: by Sea,” ''Biblical Archaeology Review'', vol. 29, no. 2 (March/April 2003): 31.</ref><br />
<br />
See also [[Paanchi Variants]]<br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
[[Paanchi Variants|Paachi]]<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐑𐐁𐐈𐐤𐐗𐐌 (peɪænkaɪ)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
'''Bibliography'''<br />
----<br />
[[John Gee]], "La Trahison des Clercs: On the Language and Translation of the Book of Mormon," ''Review of Books on the Book of Mormon'' 6/1 (1994): 110-111 and n. 200.<br />
<br />
[[Hugh W. Nibley]], ''Lehi in the Desert'', 24–25, 29.<br />
<br />
[[Hugh W. Nibley]], ''Approach to the Book of Mormon'', 232.<br />
<br />
[[Hugh W. Nibley]], ''Since Cumorah'', 194.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite PN]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=PAANCHI&diff=11992
PAANCHI
2015-01-28T21:01:21Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite PN|Lehite PN]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|Contender for the Judgement seat, son of [[PAHORAN|P<small>AHORAN</small>]] No. 1, d. 52 BC ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/1.3,%207?lang=eng#2 Helaman 1:3, 7])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
'''P<small>AANCHI</small>''' is likely the [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] name ''p3-ʿnh'' first attested in the Thirteenth Dynasty (ca. 1800-1600 B.C.)<ref>H. S. Smith, ''The Fortress of Buhen: The Inscriptions'' (London: Egypt Exploration Society, 1976), Plate V 4 (#1078), line 5'.</ref> becoming popular from the Twenty-First through Twenty-Seventh Dynasties,<ref>[[Hermann Ranke]], [[Hermann Ranke, Die ägyptischen Personennamen. 2 vols. Glückstadt: Augustin, 1935-52.|''Die ägyptischen Personennamen'']], 1:103.</ref> and surviving until Roman times (transcribed into Greek as ''Ponchēs'').<ref>Erich Lüddeckens, et al., ''Demotisches Namenbuch'' (Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, 1983), 1.3:162.</ref> The name means "the living one."<ref>Lüddeckens, et al., ''Demotisches Namenbuch'', 1.3:162.</ref> ([[John Gee|JG]])<br />
<br />
[[Hugh W. Nibley|Hugh Nibley]] has suggested that this is the same name as the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty [[PHARAOH|P<small>HARAOH</small>]],<ref>Hugh W. Nibley, "Lehi in the Desert; The World of the Jaredites; There Were Jaredites." John W. Welch, Darrell L. Matthews, and Stephen R. Callister, eds. Collected Works of Hugh Nibley. 5. (Salt Lake City/Provo: Deseret Book/FARMS, 1988.) 22–23, 27; Hugh Nibley, An Approach to the Book of Mormon. 3rd ed. Collected Works of Hugh Nibley 6. (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, FARMS, 1988.), 232; see also Hugh W. Nibley, Since Cumorah: The Book of Mormon in the Modern World. 1st ed. (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1967.; 2nd ed. CWHN 7. [[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: FARMS/Deseret, 1988.), 194.</ref> but that [[PHARAOH|P<small>HARAOH</small>]]'s name has been reread as Piye.<ref>Richard A. Parker, "King Py, a Historical Problem," ''Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde'' 93 (1966): 111—14.</ref><br />
<br />
[[Robert F. Smith|Robert Smith]] has suggested that perhaps this is the name given to [[JOSEPH|J<small>OSEPH</small>]] by [[PHARAOH|P<small>HARAOH</small>]], ''paʿnēaḥ'', Paaneah in [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/gen/41/45#45 Genesis 41:45]. ([[Robert F. Smith|RFS]]) The full name (Zaphnath-paaneah) fits a well-known [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] name pattern: ''dd-DN-iw=f-ʿnh'' "[[Divine Name|DN]] has said: 'he will live!'"<ref>[[John Gee]], "Egyptian Society during the Twenth-Sixth Dynasty," in ''Glimpses of Lehi's Jerusalem'' (Provo, Utah: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2004), 280, 289-90.</ref> The hypochoristic form of the name ''iw=f-ʿnh'' is known from the Ptolemaic period,<ref>Lüddeckens, et al., ''Demotisches Namenbuch'', ; [[Hermann Ranke|Ranke]], ''Die ägyptischen Personennamen'', 1:14.</ref> but non-hypochoristic forms are known much earlier.<br />
<br />
Cf. Book of Mormon [[PACUMENI|P<small>ACUMENI</small>]], [[PAHORAN|P<small>AHORAN</small>]] ([[PACHUS|P<small>ACHUS</small>]], [[PAGAG|P<small>AGAG</small>]]?), [[TEOMNER|T<small>EOMNER</small>]], [[TEANCUM|T<small>EANCUM</small>]].<br />
<br />
See also the Philistine name ''ptgyh'', a goddess worshiped in the [[PHILISTINES|P<small>HILISTINE</small>]] city of Ekron, possibly meaning “‘the goddess Gaia (Earth) who was worshiped in Pytho.’”<ref>See Tristan Barako, “One: by Sea,” ''Biblical Archaeology Review'', vol. 29, no. 2 (March/April 2003): 31.</ref><br />
<br />
See also [[Paanchi Variants]]<br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
[[Paanchi Variants|Paachi]]<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐑𐐁𐐈𐐤𐐗𐐌 (peɪænkaɪ)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
'''Bibliography'''<br />
----<br />
[[John Gee]], "La Trahison des Clercs: On the Language and Translation of the Book of Mormon," ''Review of Books on the Book of Mormon'' 6/1 (1994): 110-111 and n. 200.<br />
<br />
[[Hugh W. Nibley]], ''Lehi in the Desert'', 24–25, 29.<br />
<br />
[[Hugh W. Nibley]], ''Approach to the Book of Mormon'', 232.<br />
<br />
[[Hugh W. Nibley]], ''Since Cumorah'', 194.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite PN]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=RABBANAH&diff=11991
RABBANAH
2015-01-28T20:56:28Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite PN|Lehite PN]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|A [[LAMANITE(S)|L<small>AMANITE</small>]] honorific title that is glossed with “powerful or great king,” ca. 90 BC ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/18.13?lang=eng#12 Alma 18:13 (x2)]).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
This honorific title, which the Book of Mormon itself glosses with “powerful or great king,” obviously is derived from the common Semitic root ''rbb'', “large, great, many.” For English speakers, the most widely known use of this root might be ''Rabbi''.<ref>[[Daniel H. Ludlow|Daniel Ludlow]] recognized this comparison already in ''A Companion to the Book of Mormon'', p. 207.</ref> For the common Semitic ending -''ān'' used as an abstract marker, confer [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] words such as ''šulḥān'', “table,” and, with the Canaanite shift, ''pittārôn'', “meaning (of a dream).”<ref>For the common Semitic ending -''ān'' used as an abstract marker, see [[Sabatino Moscati, et al. An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages. Sabatino Moscati, ed. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1969.|Moscati]] §12.21.</ref> The final /ah/ of '''R<small>ABBANAH</small>''' is probably from the Semitic feminine ending used as an abstract.<ref>See [[Wilhelm Gesenius, Gesenius' Hebrew grammar. E. Kautzsch, ed. A. Cowley trans. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1910/ reprint Dover, 2006.|''Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar'']] §122q. It may be that the [[LAMANITE(S)|L<small>AMANITES</small>]] had conflated the two abstract endings.</ref><br />
<br />
The Book of [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/nt/john/20.16?lang=eng#15 John 20:16] preserves an Aramaic honorific title from the same root, ''Rabboni'', “my master” (applied by Mary Madgalene to [[JESUS|J<small>ESUS</small>]] just after His resurrection) that is probably based on the common Aramaic title ''rabbânâʾ''<ref>The Aramaic form is ''rabbânâʾ'', “chief, teacher” ([[Marcus Jastrow, A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yeushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature. New York: Judaica Press, 1996.|Jastrow]], 1444) and/or “lord… title of the Exilarch or a member of his family” (Michael Sokoloff, ''A Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic of the Talmudic and Geonic Periods'' [Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), 1053). </ref> However, that Aramaic may have influenced the Lamanite title '''R<small>ABBANAH</small>''' is unlikely. Though in general, Aramaic was known by some Jewish officials a hundred years before [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]]'s departure (see [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/2-kgs/18.26?lang=eng#25 2 Kings 18:26], where “Syrian” in the King James represents the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] word for Aramaic), [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]]'s departure is probably too early in the history of the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] language for specific Aramaic forms to have directly influenced Book of Mormon common nouns.<ref>That Book of Mormon '''R<small>ABBANAH</small>''' reflects a specific Aramaic form for “our master” ([[John A. Tvedtnes|JAT]]) is possible from the Aramaic form of the word, but unlikely that given the early date for [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]]'s departure from the Aramaic speaking world of 600 BC.</ref> Nevertheless, because Aramaic and [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] are closely related North-west Semitic languages, they share many lexemes.<br />
<br />
In addition to the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] and Aramaic use of this lexeme, East Semitic, and particularly Babylonian, also contains examples of ''rbb'' in analogical constructions. The word ''rab-banûtu'', “position of ''rab banî'',” is the abstract form of ''rab banî'', meaning “an administrator of temple property,” and its less frequently attested variant ''rabbānû''. An etymologically related word, ''rabiānu'', means “mayor, headman.”<ref>[[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''Chicago Assyrian Dictionary'']] R, 4-5 and 17-9.</ref> <br />
<br />
The title cannot be derived from the Aramaic ''ʾabbaʾ'', “father” (as in [[George Reynolds|Reynolds]], ''Story of the Book of Mormon'', p. 294).<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">[[Robert F. Smith|RFS]]</div><br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐡𐐈𐐒𐐁𐐤𐐂 (ræbeɪnɑː)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
'''Bibliography'''<br />
----<br />
Black, Jeremy, Andrew George, and Nicholas Postgate, eds. ''A Concise Dictionary of<br />
Akkadian'', [[Karl Hecker und Walter Sommerfeld, eds. Arbeiten und Untersuchungen zur Keilschriftkunde.|SANTAG]] 5. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1999/2000.<br />
<br />
[[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''CAD'']] = ''Chicago Assyrian Dictionary'' = ''Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the<br />
Univ. of Chicago'' (Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010).<br />
<br />
''Encyclopedia Judaica'', ed., Cecil Roth. Jerusalem: Keter/N.Y.: Macmillan, 1970-1971. [[Cecil Roth, ed., Encyclopedia Judaica. Jerusalem: Keter/N.Y.: Macmillan, 1970-1971.|''EJ'']]<br />
<br />
Jellinek, Adolph. ''Bet ha-Midrasch'', 5 vols.?? 1853/reprint Jerusalem: Wahrmann, 1967. [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]].<br />
<br />
[[Ludwig Koehler|Koehler, Ludwig]], and [[Walter Baumgartner]], ''The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old<br />
Testament'', 5 vols., revised by [[Walter Baumgartner|W. Baumgartner]] & Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. <br />
[[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']]<br />
<br />
Tawil, Hayim ben Yosef. ''An Akkadian Lexical Companion for Biblical Hebrew: Etymological-<br />
Semantic and Idiomatic Equivalents with Supplement on Biblical Aramaic''. Jersey City: <br />
[[(Jewish Publisher)|KTAV]], 2009.<br />
<br />
[[John A. Tvedtnes|Tvedtnes, John A.]], Brian M. Hauglid, and [[John Gee]], eds. ''Traditions about the Early Life of Abraham,'' Studies in the Book of Abraham 1. Provo: [[Brigham Young University|BYU]]/[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2001.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite title]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=RABBANAH&diff=11990
RABBANAH
2015-01-28T20:50:02Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite PN|Lehite PN]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|A [[LAMANITE(S)|L<small>AMANITE</small>]] honorific title that is glossed with “powerful or great king,” ca. 90 BC ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/18.13?lang=eng#12 Alma 18:13 (x2)]).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
This honorific title, which the Book of Mormon itself glosses with “powerful or great king,” obviously is derived from the common Semitic root ''rbb'', “large, great, many.” For English speakers, the most widely known use of this root might be ''Rabbi''.<ref>[[Daniel H. Ludlow|Daniel Ludlow]] recognized this comparison already in ''A Companion to the Book of Mormon'', p. 207.</ref> For the common Semitic ending -''ān'' used as an abstract marker, confer [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] words such as ''šulḥān'', “table,” and, with the Canaanite shift, ''pittārôn'', “meaning (of a dream).”<ref>For the common Semitic ending -''ān'' used as an abstract marker, see [[Sabatino Moscati, et al. An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages. Sabatino Moscati, ed. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1969.|Moscati]] §12.21.</ref> The final /ah/ of '''R<small>ABBANAH</small>''' is probably from the Semitic feminine ending used as an abstract.<ref>See [[Wilhelm Gesenius, Gesenius' Hebrew grammar. E. Kautzsch, ed. A. Cowley trans. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1910/ reprint Dover, 2006.|''GKC'']] §122q. It may be that the [[LAMANITE(S)|L<small>AMANITES</small>]] had conflated the two abstract endings.</ref><br />
<br />
The Book of [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/nt/john/20.16?lang=eng#15 John 20:16] preserves an Aramaic honorific title from the same root, ''Rabboni'', “my master” (applied by Mary Madgalene to [[JESUS|J<small>ESUS</small>]] just after His resurrection) that is probably based on the common Aramaic title ''rabbânâʾ''<ref>The Aramaic form is ''rabbânâʾ'', “chief, teacher” ([[Marcus Jastrow, A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yeushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature. New York: Judaica Press, 1996.|Jastrow]], 1444) and/or “lord… title of the Exilarch or a member of his family” (Michael Sokoloff, ''A Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic of the Talmudic and Geonic Periods'' [Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), 1053). </ref> However, that Aramaic may have influenced the Lamanite title '''R<small>ABBANAH</small>''' is unlikely. Though in general, Aramaic was known by some Jewish officials a hundred years before [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]]'s departure (see [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/2-kgs/18.26?lang=eng#25 2 Kings 18:26], where “Syrian” in the King James represents the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] word for Aramaic), [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]]'s departure is probably too early in the history of the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] language for specific Aramaic forms to have directly influenced Book of Mormon common nouns.<ref>That Book of Mormon '''R<small>ABBANAH</small>''' reflects a specific Aramaic form for “our master” ([[John A. Tvedtnes|JAT]]) is possible from the Aramaic form of the word, but unlikely that given the early date for [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]]'s departure from the Aramaic speaking world of 600 BC.</ref> Nevertheless, because Aramaic and [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] are closely related North-west Semitic languages, they share many lexemes.<br />
<br />
In addition to the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] and Aramaic use of this lexeme, East Semitic, and particularly Babylonian, also contains examples of ''rbb'' in analogical constructions. The word ''rab-banûtu'', “position of ''rab banî'',” is the abstract form of ''rab banî'', meaning “an administrator of temple property,” and its less frequently attested variant ''rabbānû''. An etymologically related word, ''rabiānu'', means “mayor, headman.”<ref>[[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''Chicago Assyrian Dictionary'']] R, 4-5 and 17-9.</ref> <br />
<br />
The title cannot be derived from the Aramaic ''ʾabbaʾ'', “father” (as in [[George Reynolds|Reynolds]], ''Story of the Book of Mormon'', p. 294).<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">[[Robert F. Smith|RFS]]</div><br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐡𐐈𐐒𐐁𐐤𐐂 (ræbeɪnɑː)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
'''Bibliography'''<br />
----<br />
Black, Jeremy, Andrew George, and Nicholas Postgate, eds. ''A Concise Dictionary of<br />
Akkadian'', [[Karl Hecker und Walter Sommerfeld, eds. Arbeiten und Untersuchungen zur Keilschriftkunde.|SANTAG]] 5. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1999/2000.<br />
<br />
[[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''CAD'']] = ''Chicago Assyrian Dictionary'' = ''Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the<br />
Univ. of Chicago'' (Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010).<br />
<br />
''Encyclopedia Judaica'', ed., Cecil Roth. Jerusalem: Keter/N.Y.: Macmillan, 1970-1971. [[Cecil Roth, ed., Encyclopedia Judaica. Jerusalem: Keter/N.Y.: Macmillan, 1970-1971.|''EJ'']]<br />
<br />
Jellinek, Adolph. ''Bet ha-Midrasch'', 5 vols.?? 1853/reprint Jerusalem: Wahrmann, 1967. [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]].<br />
<br />
[[Ludwig Koehler|Koehler, Ludwig]], and [[Walter Baumgartner]], ''The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old<br />
Testament'', 5 vols., revised by [[Walter Baumgartner|W. Baumgartner]] & Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. <br />
[[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']]<br />
<br />
Tawil, Hayim ben Yosef. ''An Akkadian Lexical Companion for Biblical Hebrew: Etymological-<br />
Semantic and Idiomatic Equivalents with Supplement on Biblical Aramaic''. Jersey City: <br />
[[(Jewish Publisher)|KTAV]], 2009.<br />
<br />
[[John A. Tvedtnes|Tvedtnes, John A.]], Brian M. Hauglid, and [[John Gee]], eds. ''Traditions about the Early Life of Abraham,'' Studies in the Book of Abraham 1. Provo: [[Brigham Young University|BYU]]/[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 2001.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite title]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=RED_SEA&diff=11989
RED SEA
2015-01-28T20:41:07Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Biblical GN|Biblical GN]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|Body of water between Africa and Arabia, crossed by the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]] ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/4.2?lang=eng#1 4:2 (x2)]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/17.26,%2027?lang=eng#25 17:26, 27]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/2-ne/19.1?lang=eng#primary 2 Nephi 19:1] = [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/isa/9.1?lang=eng#primary Isaiah 9:1]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/7.19?lang=eng#18 Mosiah 7:19]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/36.28?lang=eng#27 Alma 36:28]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/8.11?lang=eng#10 Helaman 8:11])<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|2.<br />
| Body of water that [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]] and his family traveled near. ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/2.5,%208,%209?lang=eng#4 1 Nephi 2:5 (x2), 8, 9]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/16.14?lang=eng#13 16:14])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
'''R<small>ED</small> S<small>EA</small>''' is the name of a body of water separating ancient [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPT</small>]] and Africa from Arabia and Asia. The name '''R<small>ED</small> S<small>EA</small>''' may also include its northern extensions, the Gulf of Suez and the Gulf of Aqaba. [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]]'s family sojourned near the shores of the '''R<small>ED</small> S<small>EA</small>''' until their departure southward. Certain passages in the Book of Mormon ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/17.26,%2027?lang=eng#25 1 Nephi 17:26, 27]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/7.19?lang=eng#18 Mosiah 7:19]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/36.28?lang=eng#27 Alma 36:28]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/8.11?lang=eng#10 Helaman 8:11]) also refer to [[MOSES|M<small>OSES</small>]]'s crossing the '''R<small>ED</small> S<small>EA</small>''' with the children of [[ISRAEL|I<small>SRAEL</small>]]. The name '''R<small>ED</small> S<small>EA</small>''' may be based on the Vulgate rendering of the Old Testament ''Mare Rubrum'' ("<b>R<small>ED</small> S<small>EA</small></b>"), itself taken from the Septuagint Greek rendering ''Erythra Thalassa'' (also meaning "<b>R<small>ED</small> S<small>EA</small></b>"). Though the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] original from which '''R<small>ED</small> S<small>EA</small>''' comes is ''Yām Sûp'' (with the traditional meaning "Sea of Reeds"), it is possible that ''sûp'' could also have the meaning "to cease to exist, to end" (cf. ''sōp''). Thus it is possible that ''Yām Sûp'' may have the meaning "Sea at the End of the World" since the '''R<small>ED</small> S<small>EA</small>''' was on, or close to, a frontier at the end of the [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITES</small>]]' world.<ref>Bernard F. Batto, "Red Sea or Reed Sea? how the Mistake was Made and What ''Yam Sup'' Really Means," ''Biblical Archaeology Review'' (July/August 1984): 56-63. [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''HALOT'']], however, translates ''sûp'' as "reed."</ref><br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐡𐐇𐐔 𐐝𐐀 (rɛd siː)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Biblical GN]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=SAM&diff=11988
SAM
2015-01-27T19:33:18Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite PN|Lehite PN]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|Son of [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]] I, brother of [[NEPHI|N<small>EPHI</small>]] I, ca. 600 BC ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/1?lang=eng 1 Nephi 1:Preface]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/2.5,%2017?lang=eng#4 2:5, 17]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/4.28?lang=eng#27 4:28]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/7.6?lang=eng#5 7:6]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/8.3,%2014?lang=eng#2 8:3, 14]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/2-ne/1.28?lang=eng#27 2 Nephi 1:28]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/2-ne/4.11?lang=eng#10 4:11]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/2-ne/5.6?lang=eng#5 5:6]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/3.6?lang=eng#5 Alma 3:6])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
'''S<small>AM</small>''' is most likely a shortened form of the biblical name [[SAMUEL|S<small>AMUEL</small>]], even though neither '''S<small>AM</small>''' nor [[SAMUEL|S<small>AMUEL</small>]] reflect the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] pronunciation, ''šĕmûʾēl'' that might be expected from the plates of [[NEPHI|N<small>EPHI</small>]]. That '''S<small>AM</small>''' is the English version of what was on the Vorlage of the Book of Mormon is supported by examples of other names in the Book of Mormon that also take King James biblical spellings rather than reflecting the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] pronunciation, such as [[JACOB|J<small>ACOB</small>]], not the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] form ''Ya’akob'', and [[MESSIAH|M<small>ESSIAH</small>]] and not ''Mašiaḥ''.<ref>That some of the names in the Book of Mormon were consciously corrected to the King James spelling, rather than rendering them as a transliteration, is illustrated, for example, by the fact that in [http://lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/1.1-4?lang=eng#primary 1 Nephi 1:1-4] the original manuscript reads, ''masiah'', a close phonetic approximation of the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''mašiaḥ''. The printer's manuscript, the 1830 edition, and all subsequent editions all use the King James Bible spelling [[MESSIAH|M<small>ESSIAH</small>]].</ref> Additionally, besides the regular though mutable nature of the sibilants /''š''/, /''ś''/ and /''s''/ in and between the various Semitic languages, the change from the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] /''š''/ in [[SAMUEL|S<small>AMUEL</small>]] to /''s''/ (as in English) occurs in the Greek text of the Old Testament because Greek has only one character, sigma, for transcribing the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] sibilants.<ref>The same is true in Latin, which has only one character for sibilants. However, on occasion the vocable ''šm'' did come into the King James Version with initial /''š''/ and not /''s''/, e.g., [[NOAH|N<small>OAH</small>]]’s son [[SHEM|S<small>HEM</small>]] and Shemida in [http://lds.org/scriptures/ot/num/26.32?lang=eng#31 Numbers 26:32]. This latter name also occurs on several ostraca found in [[JUDAH|J<small>UDAH</small>]] where “the orthography suggests an original vocalization: ''Šēmyādāʿ''.” See Schmuel Aḥituv, ''Echoes From the Past: Hebrew and Cognate Inscriptions from the Biblical Period'', trans. Anson F. Rainey (Jerusalem: Carta, 2008), 267.</ref> Therefore, the explanation of '''S<small>AM</small>''' as the English equivalent of a hypocoristicon (shortened form) of [[SAMUEL|S<small>AMUEL</small>]] has merit.<ref>[[Dana M. Pike|Dana Pike]], email communication, 13 May 2011.</ref> <br />
<br />
If '''S<small>AM</small>''' is a hypocoristicon from [[SAMUEL|S<small>AMUEL</small>]], '''S<small>AM</small>''' would represent the common Semitic vocable ''šm'' and would most likely mean “the name,” “Name,” or even “descendant/offspring.”<ref>[[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament'']], sub שמואל. See also Scott C. Layton, ''Archaic Features of Canaanite Personal Names in the Hebrew Bible'', Harvard Semitic Monographs 47 (Atlanta, GA: Shcolars Press, 1990), 78, 86, and note 232.</ref> '''S<small>AM</small>''' may even be a theophoric element in its own right.<ref>[[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament'']], sub שמואל. For a discussion of the possibility that ''šm'' is a [[Divine Name|DN]], see Layton, 85-86.</ref> <br />
<br />
Hypocoristica are well known in the Semitic languages. Though '''S<small>AM</small>''' does not occur in the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] Bible,<ref>Some critics of the Book of Mormon have therefore made fun of the name '''S<small>AM</small>''' for appearing in a “supposedly” ancient text when it is obviously a modern English form. For example, “‘Sam, Josh, and Gid.’ . . .There’s Yankee for ye. Rather out of place, however, in ancient writings . . . . Sam, Josh, and Gid, are half names, or Jonathanisms,” Origen Bachelor, ''Mormonism Exposed, Internally and Externally'' (New York: 1838), 14; and “This name Sam, by the way, sounds very modern” Edgar E. Folk, ''The Mormon Monster, or the Story of Mormonism'' (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1900), 186. These two quotes are from anti-Mormon authors; but as is often the case, criticisms from sources that are not cumbered by authentic information can point to the genuinely ancient nature of the Book of Mormon.</ref> the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] name ''šm'' does appear in a biblical period signet ring, but the authors read the name as [[SHEM|S<small>HEM</small>]], the same King James Version pronunciation as the son of [[NOAH|N<small>OAH</small>]].<ref>See the discussion in [[John A. Tvedtnes]], [[John Gee]], and [[Matthew Roper]], “Book of Mormon Names Attested in Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions,” [http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/jbms/?vol=9&num=1&id=210 Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 9, no. 1 (2000)]: 51 and p. 79, note 60 (Israel Museum No. 68.35.199).</ref> The Arabic pronunciation of [[NOAH|N<small>OAH</small>]]’s son is '''S<small>AM</small>'''. The element ''šm'' also seems to occur in other west Semitic languages. See the Aramaic name ''šm'', along with longer forms, ''šmṭb'', and ''šmʾdd'';<ref>Bezalel Porten and Jerome A. Lund, ''Aramaic Documents from Egypt: A Key-Word-in-Context Concordance'' (Winona Lake IN: Eisenbrauns, 2002), 414-415.</ref> the Amorite [[Personal Name|PN]] ''sa-mu-um''<ref>[[Herbert B. Huffmon|Herbert B. Huffmon]], [[H. B. Huffmon, Amorite Personal Names in the Mari Texts: A Structural and Lexical Study. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1965.|''Amorite Personal Names in the Mari Texts'']], 247.</ref> (with the masculine singular nominative ending ''–um''); and the Ugaritic name elements ''sumu/samu/šumu''.<ref>[[Frauke Gröndahl|Frauke Gröndahl]].[[Frauke Gröndahl, Die Personennamen der Texte aus Ugarit. Studia Pohl 1. Rome: Pontifical Bible Institute, 1967.|''Die Personennamen der Texte aus Ugarit']], 193f. For a general discussion of ''Samuel'' see Scott C. Layton, ''Archaic Features of Canaanite Personal Names in the Hebrew Bible'', Harvard Semitic Monographs 47 (Atlanta, GA: Shcolars Press, 1990), 78-87;</ref> <br />
<br />
Other etymologies have been proffered, including the suggestion that '''S<small>AM</small>''' is [[EGYPTIAN(S)|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]].<ref>[[George Reynolds|Reynolds]] and [[Janne M. Sjodahl|Sjodahl]], 1:16&26; and [[George Reynolds|Reynolds]], ''Story of the Book of Mormon'', p. 298.</ref> [[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]] has interpreted the [[EGYPTIAN(S)|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] title ''sm3/s3m'' as “uniter.”<ref>[[Hugh W. Nibley|Hugh W. Nibley]], [[Hugh W. Nibley, "Lehi in the Desert; The World of the Jaredites; There Were Jaredites." John W. Welch, Darrell L. Matthews, and Stephen R. Callister, eds. Collected Works of Hugh Nibley. 5. Salt Lake City/Provo: Deseret Book/FARMS, 1988.|''Lehi in the Desert'']], 28, 42.</ref><br />
<br />
Minaean [[Epigraphic South Arabian|ESA]] [[Personal Name|PN]] ''ʿmsmy'' may hold promise. But the [[Personal Name|PN]] ''smʿ'' cannot be appealed to because it would require dropping the last phoneme of the vocable.<br />
<br />
Confer [[SHEM|S<small>HEM</small>]] and [[MOSIAH|M<small>OSIAH</small>]].<br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐝𐐈𐐣 (sæm)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite PN]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=SAMUEL&diff=11987
SAMUEL
2015-01-26T19:53:51Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite PN|Lehite PN]]'''<br />
|1. <br />
|A Book of Mormon [[Personal Name|PN]] of a [[LAMANITE(S)|L<small>AMANITE</small>]] prophet ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/13.2,%205?lang=eng#1 Helaman 13:Preface, 2, 5]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/14.1?lang=eng#primary 14:1]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/16.1,%202,%205,%206?lang=eng#primary 16:1, 2, 5, 6]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/1.5,%206,%209?lang=eng#4 3 Nephi 1:5, 6, 9]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/8.3?lang=eng#2 8:3]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/20.24?lang=eng#23 20:24]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/23.9,%2010?lang=eng#8 23:9, 10]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/morm/1.19?lang=eng#18 Mormon 1:19]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/morm/2.10?lang=eng#9 2:10])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
'''S<small>AMUEL</small>''' is from the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''shemuʾēl'' "name of El" or "his name is El"; cf. Amorite ''Sa- mu-ú-i-la'', ''Sa-mi-ya'', ''Su-mu-i-la'' <ref>See [[Herbert B. Huffmon]], [[H. B. Huffmon, Amorite Personal Names in the Mari Texts: A Structural and Lexical Study. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1965.|''Amorite Personal Names in the Mari Texts'']], 247-48.</ref> and Ugaritic ''sm-adil'', ''šum-addi'', ''šumu-abi''.<ref>[[Frauke Gröndahl]], [[Frauke Gröndahl, Die Personennamen der Texte aus Ugarit. Studia Pohl 1. Rome: Pontifical Bible Institute, 1967.|''Die Personennamen der Texte aus Ugarit'']], 193-94.</ref><br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐝𐐈𐐣𐐏𐐆𐐅𐐇𐐢 (sæmjɪuːɛl)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Biblical PN]][[Category:Lehite PN]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=SAMUEL&diff=11986
SAMUEL
2015-01-26T19:51:59Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite PN|Lehite PN]]'''<br />
|1. <br />
|A Book of Mormon [[Personal Name|PN]] of a [[LAMANITE(S)|L<small>AMANITE</small>]] prophet ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/13.2,%205?lang=eng#1 Helaman 13:Preface, 2, 5]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/14.1?lang=eng#primary 14:1]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/16.1,%202,%205,%206?lang=eng#primary 16:1, 2, 5, 6]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/1.5,%206,%209?lang=eng#4 3 Nephi 1:5, 6, 9]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/8.3?lang=eng#2 8:3]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/20.24?lang=eng#23 20:24]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/23.9,%2010?lang=eng#8 23:9, 10]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/morm/1.19?lang=eng#18 Mormon 1:19]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/morm/2.10?lang=eng#9 2:10])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
'''S<small>AMUEL</small>''' is from the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''shemuʾēl'' "name of El" or "his name is El"; cf. Amorite ''Sa- mu-ú-i-la'', ''Sa-mi-ya'', ''Su-mu-i-la'' <ref>See [[Herbert B. Huffmon]], ''Amorite Personal Names in the Mari Texts: A Structural and Lexical Study'' [Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1965], 247-48.</ref> and Ugaritic ''sm-adil'', ''šum-addi'', ''šumu-abi''.<ref>[[Frauke Gröndahl]], [[Frauke Gröndahl, Die Personennamen der Texte aus Ugarit. Studia Pohl 1. Rome: Pontifical Bible Institute, 1967.|''Die Personennamen der Texte aus Ugarit'']], 193-94.</ref><br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐝𐐈𐐣𐐏𐐆𐐅𐐇𐐢 (sæmjɪuːɛl)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Biblical PN]][[Category:Lehite PN]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=SAMUEL&diff=11985
SAMUEL
2015-01-26T19:51:26Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite PN|Lehite PN]]'''<br />
|1. <br />
|A Book of Mormon [[Personal Name|PN]] of a [[LAMANITE(S)|L<small>AMANITE</small>]] prophet ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/13.2,%205?lang=eng#1 Helaman 13:Preface, 2, 5]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/14.1?lang=eng#primary 14:1]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/16.1,%202,%205,%206?lang=eng#primary 16:1, 2, 5, 6]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/1.5,%206,%209?lang=eng#4 3 Nephi 1:5, 6, 9]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/8.3?lang=eng#2 8:3]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/20.24?lang=eng#23 20:24]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/23.9,%2010?lang=eng#8 23:9, 10]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/morm/1.19?lang=eng#18 Mormon 1:19]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/morm/2.10?lang=eng#9 2:10])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
'''S<small>AMUEL</small>''' is from the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''shemuʾēl'' "name of El" or "his name is El"; cf. Amorite ''Sa- mu-ú-i-la'', ''Sa-mi-ya'', ''Su-mu-i-la'' <ref>See [[Herbert B. Huffmon]], ''Amorite Personal Names in the Mari Texts: A Structural and Lexical Study'' [Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1965], 247-48.</ref> and Ugaritic ''sm-adil'', ''šum-addi'', ''šumu-abi''.<ref>[[Frauke Gröndahl]], [[Frauke Gröndahl, Die Personennamen der Texte aus Ugarit. Studia Pohl 1. Rome: Pontifical Bible Institute, 1967.|''Die Personennamen der Texte aus Ugarit'']].</ref><br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐝𐐈𐐣𐐏𐐆𐐅𐐇𐐢 (sæmjɪuːɛl)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Biblical PN]][[Category:Lehite PN]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=SEANTUM&diff=11984
SEANTUM
2015-01-26T19:45:10Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite PN|Lehite PN]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|Member of [[GADIANTON('S) ROBBERS|G<small>ADIANTON BAND</small>]], brother of Chief Judge [[SEEZORAM|S<small>EEZORAM</small>]]; ca. 23 BC both were murdered ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/9.26?lang=eng#25 Helaman 9:26])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
'''S<small>EANTUM</small>''' could be composed of two Semitic roots, ''šʾn'', as represented in the Hebrew ''šĕʾān'', “place of rest”<ref>[[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament'']]: שאן.</ref> and Ugaritic “to be at ease;”<ref>Dietrich, Manfred and Oswald Loretz, ed. ''Analytic Ugaritic Bibliography'' 1792-1988. [[Alter Orient und altes Testament|AOAT]] 20/6 (Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1996), 785.</ref> and ''tmm'' as found in Hebrew ''tōm'' and ''tūm'' meaning “perfection, in full measure”<ref>[[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament'']]: תם.</ref> Therefore, the meaning of '''S<small>EANTUM</small>''' could be “place of complete rest” or “rest of perfection.” <br />
<br />
Were it not that Ugaritic ''suʾnu'' “hem, border” and Akkadian ''sūnu'' “hem” unequivocally have a /u/ vowel<ref>''Analytic Ugaritic Bibliography'', 785.</ref> (which would not explain the ''ae'' vowels of '''S<small>EANTUM</small>'''), it might be tempting to see a play on words in the text where he is first mentioned as “having blood on the skirts of his cloak” ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/9.26?lang=eng#25 Helaman 9:26]).<br />
<br />
Other suggestions include [[EGYPTIAN(S)|E<small>EGYPTIAN</small>]] prefix ''s3'', “son” ([[John A. Tvedtnes|JAT]]). [[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]] has suggested a cognate of [[EGYPTIAN(S)|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]]-Hittite Sandon, Sandas ([[Hugh W. Nibley, "Lehi in the Desert; The World of the Jaredites; There Were Jaredites." John W. Welch, Darrell L. Matthews, and Stephen R. Callister, eds. Collected Works of Hugh Nibley. 5. Salt Lake City/Provo: Deseret Book/FARMS, 1988.|''LID'']], 33; [[Hugh Nibley, An Approach to the Book of Mormon. 3rd ed. Collected Works of Hugh Nibley 6. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, FARMS, 1988.|''ABM'']], 238).<br />
<br />
Cf. Book of Mormon [[ANTUM|A<small>NTUM</small>]], [[SEEZORAM|S<small>EEZORAM</small>]], [[CEZORAM|C<small>EZORAM</small>]], et al., [[TEANCUM|T<small>EANCUM</small>]]<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">[[Paul Y. Hoskisson|PYH]]</div><br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐝𐐀𐐈𐐤𐐓𐐊𐐣 (siːæntʌm)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite PN]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=SEANTUM&diff=11983
SEANTUM
2015-01-26T19:44:27Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite PN|Lehite PN]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|Member of [[GADIANTON('S) ROBBERS|G<small>ADIANTON BAND</small>]], brother of Chief Judge [[SEEZORAM|S<small>EEZORAM</small>]]; ca. 23 BC both were murdered ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/9.26?lang=eng#25 Helaman 9:26])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
'''S<small>EANTUM</small>''' could be composed of two Semitic roots, ''šʾn'', as represented in the Hebrew ''šĕʾān'', “place of rest”<ref>[[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament'']]: שאן.</ref> and Ugaritic “to be at ease;”<ref>Dietrich, Manfred and Oswald Loretz, ed. ''Analytic Ugaritic Bibliography'' 1792-1988. [[Alter Orient und altes Testament|AOAT]] 20/6 (Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1996), 785.</ref> and ''tmm'' as found in Hebrew ''tōm'' and ''tūm'' meaning “perfection, in full measure”<ref>Ludwig Kohler and Walter Baumgartner. ''The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament.'' 5 vols., revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. (Leiden: Brill, 1944): תם.</ref> Therefore, the meaning of '''S<small>EANTUM</small>''' could be “place of complete rest” or “rest of perfection.” <br />
<br />
Were it not that Ugaritic ''suʾnu'' “hem, border” and Akkadian ''sūnu'' “hem” unequivocally have a /u/ vowel<ref>''Analytic Ugaritic Bibliography'', 785.</ref> (which would not explain the ''ae'' vowels of '''S<small>EANTUM</small>'''), it might be tempting to see a play on words in the text where he is first mentioned as “having blood on the skirts of his cloak” ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/9.26?lang=eng#25 Helaman 9:26]).<br />
<br />
Other suggestions include [[EGYPTIAN(S)|E<small>EGYPTIAN</small>]] prefix ''s3'', “son” ([[John A. Tvedtnes|JAT]]). [[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]] has suggested a cognate of [[EGYPTIAN(S)|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]]-Hittite Sandon, Sandas ([[Hugh W. Nibley, "Lehi in the Desert; The World of the Jaredites; There Were Jaredites." John W. Welch, Darrell L. Matthews, and Stephen R. Callister, eds. Collected Works of Hugh Nibley. 5. Salt Lake City/Provo: Deseret Book/FARMS, 1988.|''LID'']], 33; [[Hugh Nibley, An Approach to the Book of Mormon. 3rd ed. Collected Works of Hugh Nibley 6. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, FARMS, 1988.|''ABM'']], 238).<br />
<br />
Cf. Book of Mormon [[ANTUM|A<small>NTUM</small>]], [[SEEZORAM|S<small>EEZORAM</small>]], [[CEZORAM|C<small>EZORAM</small>]], et al., [[TEANCUM|T<small>EANCUM</small>]]<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">[[Paul Y. Hoskisson|PYH]]</div><br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐝𐐀𐐈𐐤𐐓𐐊𐐣 (siːæntʌm)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite PN]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=SEBUS&diff=11982
SEBUS
2015-01-26T19:43:16Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite GN|Lehite GN]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|“waters of” ([http://lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/17.34?lang=eng#33 Alma 17:34], [http://lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/18.7?lang=eng#6 18:7], [http://lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/19.20-21?lang=eng#19 19:20, 21 (x2)]), “water of” ([http://lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/17.26?lang=eng#25 17:26]), “the place<br />
of water” for the flocks of King [[LAMONI|L<small>AMONI</small>]] in the land of [[ISHMAEL|I<small>SHMAEL</small>]] ([http://lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/17.26-32?lang=eng#25 Alma 17:26-32]) during the early 1st century B.C.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
'''S<small>EBUS</small>''' may reflect a West Semitic root ''śbs'' “to gather, assemble (persons),” and could possibly mean “Place of Gathering” for '''S<small>EBUS</small>'''. The root appears as an Aramaic loan word in Neo-Babylonian texts as a verb (''us-sa-ab-bi-is'') and as an adjective (''su-ub-bu-su-tu'').<ref>[[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''Chicago Assyrian Dictionary'']] S 341, at ''subbusu''. See also [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch'']] 1053, where it is translated as “be heaped together, to get together.”</ref> This same root may be reflected in the hapax legomenon ''śbs'' in [http://lds.org/scriptures/ot/amos/5.11?lang=eng#10 Amos 5:11], where it apparently refers to the collecting of a grain payment.<ref>See [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament'']] at שׂבס.</ref> <br />
<br />
Less likely is an [[EGYPTIAN(S)|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] etymology from ''*š-bs'', “lake of initiation” ([[Robert F. Smith|RFS]]), because one would expect ''*Shebus'', rather than Book of Mormon '''S<small>EBUS</small>'''.<br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐝𐐀𐐒𐐊𐐝 (siːbʌs)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite GN]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=SEBUS&diff=11981
SEBUS
2015-01-26T19:42:25Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite GN|Lehite GN]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|“waters of” ([http://lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/17.34?lang=eng#33 Alma 17:34], [http://lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/18.7?lang=eng#6 18:7], [http://lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/19.20-21?lang=eng#19 19:20, 21 (x2)]), “water of” ([http://lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/17.26?lang=eng#25 17:26]), “the place<br />
of water” for the flocks of King [[LAMONI|L<small>AMONI</small>]] in the land of [[ISHMAEL|I<small>SHMAEL</small>]] ([http://lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/17.26-32?lang=eng#25 Alma 17:26-32]) during the early 1st century B.C.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
'''S<small>EBUS</small>''' may reflect a West Semitic root ''śbs'' “to gather, assemble (persons),” and could possibly mean “Place of Gathering” for '''S<small>EBUS</small>'''. The root appears as an Aramaic loan word in Neo-Babylonian texts as a verb (''us-sa-ab-bi-is'') and as an adjective (''su-ub-bu-su-tu'').<ref>[[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''Chicago Assyrian Dictionary'']] S 341, at ''subbusu''. See also [[W. Von Soden, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965–1981.|''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch'']] 1053, where it is translated as “be heaped together, to get together.”</ref> This same root may be reflected in the hapax legomenon ''śbs'' in [http://lds.org/scriptures/ot/amos/5.11?lang=eng#10 Amos 5:11], where it apparently refers to the collecting of a grain payment.<ref>See Ludwig Koehler and Walter Baumgartner. ''The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament.'' 5 vols. (Leiden: Brill, 1994) at שׂבס.</ref> <br />
<br />
Less likely is an [[EGYPTIAN(S)|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] etymology from ''*š-bs'', “lake of initiation” ([[Robert F. Smith|RFS]]), because one would expect ''*Shebus'', rather than Book of Mormon '''S<small>EBUS</small>'''.<br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐝𐐀𐐒𐐊𐐝 (siːbʌs)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite GN]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=SEBUS&diff=11980
SEBUS
2015-01-26T19:41:02Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite GN|Lehite GN]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|“waters of” ([http://lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/17.34?lang=eng#33 Alma 17:34], [http://lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/18.7?lang=eng#6 18:7], [http://lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/19.20-21?lang=eng#19 19:20, 21 (x2)]), “water of” ([http://lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/17.26?lang=eng#25 17:26]), “the place<br />
of water” for the flocks of King [[LAMONI|L<small>AMONI</small>]] in the land of [[ISHMAEL|I<small>SHMAEL</small>]] ([http://lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/17.26-32?lang=eng#25 Alma 17:26-32]) during the early 1st century B.C.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
'''S<small>EBUS</small>''' may reflect a West Semitic root ''śbs'' “to gather, assemble (persons),” and could possibly mean “Place of Gathering” for '''S<small>EBUS</small>'''. The root appears as an Aramaic loan word in Neo-Babylonian texts as a verb (''us-sa-ab-bi-is'') and as an adjective (''su-ub-bu-su-tu'').<ref>[[Chicago Assyrian Dictionary = Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Univ. of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute/Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin, 1956-2010.|''Chicago Assyrian Dictionary'']] S 341, at ''subbusu''. See also W. von Soden. ''Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. '' 3 vols, (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965-1981), 1053, where it is translated as “be heaped together, to get together.”</ref> This same root may be reflected in the hapax legomenon ''śbs'' in [http://lds.org/scriptures/ot/amos/5.11?lang=eng#10 Amos 5:11], where it apparently refers to the collecting of a grain payment.<ref>See Ludwig Koehler and Walter Baumgartner. ''The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament.'' 5 vols. (Leiden: Brill, 1994) at שׂבס.</ref> <br />
<br />
Less likely is an [[EGYPTIAN(S)|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] etymology from ''*š-bs'', “lake of initiation” ([[Robert F. Smith|RFS]]), because one would expect ''*Shebus'', rather than Book of Mormon '''S<small>EBUS</small>'''.<br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐝𐐀𐐒𐐊𐐝 (siːbʌs)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite GN]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=SEEZORAM&diff=11979
SEEZORAM
2015-01-22T19:51:23Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite PN|Lehite PN]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|Member of [[GADIANTON('S) ROBBERS|G<small>ADIANTON BAND</small>]], elected chief judge ca. 26 BC ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/hel/9.23,%2026,%2027?lang=eng#22 Helaman 9:23, 26, 27])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
If the initial ''see''- of '''S<small>EEZORAM</small>''' is a phonetic variant of the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] independent demonstrative pronoun ''ze'',<ref>The [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] particle is a variant of the common West Semitic deictic particle *<i>zu</i>, represented by ''d'' in Ugaritic, ''d'' in Aramaic, and ''ḏū'' in Arabic.</ref> meaning “this, these, such a one, he of,”<ref>[[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament'']]. The Ugaritic cognate means “which, that, of” ([[Cyrus H. Gordon, Ugaritic Textbook. AnOr 38. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1965.|''Ugaritic Textbook'']] 382).</ref> then this personal name may be etymologized as “he of [[ZORAM|Z<small>ORAM</small>]],” perhaps analogically related to ''ze sînay'', “He of Sinai” ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/judg/5.5?lang=eng#4 Judges 5:5])<ref>See ''The Jewish Study Bible'', Tanakh Translation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), translation, “Before the Lord, Him of Sinai” and [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/ps/68.8?lang=eng#7 Psalm 68:8]. For this deictic particle and its use in [[Personal Name|PN]]s, see the following: W. F. Albright, ''From the Stone Age to Christianity'', 1<sup>st</sup> ed., 199, and Albright, "The Song of Deborah in the Light of Archaeology," ''[[Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research|BASOR]]'' 62 (Apr 1936): 30, citing H. Grimme; ''[[J. Hoftijzer, and K. Jongeling, Dictionary of the North-West Semitic Inscriptions. 2nd ed. HOSANE/HOSNME 21 Leiden/N.Y.: Brill, 2003.|''Dictionary of the North-West Semitic Inscriptions'']]'', 310-316, ''zy'' used to introduce relatives; B. Porten, ''Aramaic Documents from Egypt'' (Winona Lake, IN, Eisenbrauns, 2002), 109-122, for examples of the genitive particle ''zi''; Edward Lipiński, ''Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar'' (Leuven: Peeters, 1997), 326, observes that ''ze'' is the oblique form of the archaic nominative ''zu''; cf. also ''Du Shara'' “The One of the Shara Mountains (Qos, the primary deity of the Nabateans),” in Justin Kelley, “Toward a New Synthesis of the God of Edom and Yahweh," ''Antiguo Oriente'' 7 (2009):260-261, and n. 27; Lihyanite <i><u>D</u>-ʿmn</i>, <i><u>D</u>-rḥmh</i>, <i><u>D</u>-mslmh</i>, <i><u>D</u>-blʼ</i>, and Thamudic <i><u>D</u>û-baraq</i> “The One of Lightning,” in A. R. Al-Ansary, “Lihyanite Personal Names: A Comparative Study,” [[Annual of Leeds University Oriental Society|''ALUOS'']], 7 (1969-73):6,8,10,12-13.</ref> and [[ZENEPHI|Z<small>ENEPHI</small>]], “he of [[NEPHI|N<small>EPHI</small>]].” If this etymology is correct, then the name may be related to the Book of Mormon name, [[CEZORAM|C<small>EZORAM</small>]],<ref>It should be noted that the [[Deseret Alphabet]] spelling of ''Seezoram'' and ''Cezoram'' are identical, indicating that the second half of the 19<sup>th</sup> century, there was no distinction in pronunciation between the two names. </ref> but not [[ZERAM|Z<small>ERAM</small>]], [[ESROM|E<small>SROM</small>]], [[ZEEZROM|Z<small>EEZROM</small>]], or [[EZROM|E<small>ZROM</small>]] (an amount of silver) since the later four appellatives do not allow for a long /o/ or /u/ vowel between the sibilants ''z''/''s'' and the liquid /r/. (For more detailed information on each of these names, see the individual entries.) If '''S<small>EEZORAM</small>''' is not derived from [[ZORAM|Z<small>ORAM</small>]], then it would seem reasonable to group '''S<small>EEZORAM</small>''', [[CEZORAM|C<small>EZORAM</small>]], [[ZORAM|Z<small>ORAM</small>]], and possibly (if ''see''- is not a prefix) [[ZERAM|Z<small>ERAM</small>]], [[ESROM|E<small>SROM</small>]], [[ZEEZROM|Z<small>EEZROM</small>]], and [[EZROM|E<small>ZROM</small>]], together because of the possible common consonants ''zrm'' or ''srm''. See [[ZORAM|Z<small>ORAM</small>]] and [[ZERAM|Z<small>ERAM</small>]] for etymological possibilities. <br />
<br />
Note that <b>S<small>EEZORAM</small></b>’s brother’s name, [[SEANTUM|S<small>EANTUM</small>]], according to the [[Deseret Alphabet]] spelling also begins with the sound, /i:/.<br />
'''S<small>EEZORAM</small>''' could possibly be from ''szr'', though the combination of two initial sibilants is a very unusual in West Semitic. <br />
<br />
Unlikely is a derivation from the [[EGYPTAN(S)|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] [[Personal Name|PN]] Zoser/Zeser (''[[Hugh W. Nibley, "Lehi in the Desert; The World of the Jaredites; There Were Jaredites." John W. Welch, Darrell L. Matthews, and Stephen R. Callister, eds. Collected Works of Hugh Nibley. 5. Salt Lake City/Provo: Deseret Book/FARMS, 1988.|LID]]'', 30) because the consonants do not easily correspond.<br />
<br />
<br />
Also possible, though unlikely because it would mix languages, is that ''see'' is [[EGYPTIAN(S)|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''s3'', prefix for “son” ([[John A. Tvedtnes|JAT]]).<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">[[Paul Y. Hoskisson|PYH]]</div><br />
<br />
Cf. Book of Mormon [[ZORAM|Z<small>ORAM</small>]], [[ZEEZROM|Z<small>EEZROM</small>]], [[CEZORAM|C<small>EZORAM</small>]], [[EZROM/EZRUM|E<small>ZROM</small>]]/[[EZROM/EZRUM|E<small>ZRUM</small>]], [[ESROM|E<small>SROM</small>]], [[SEANTUM|S<small>EANTUM</small>]], et al.<br />
<br />
See also [[Seezoram Variants]]<br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐝𐐀𐐞𐐄𐐡𐐊𐐣 (siːzoʊrʌm)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite PN]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=SENINE&diff=11978
SENINE
2015-01-22T19:47:45Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite noun|Lehite noun]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|Gold currency, ca. 82 BC ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/11.3,%205,%207,%208?lang=eng#2 Alma 11:3 (x2), 5, 7, 8]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/alma/30.33?lang=eng#32 30:33]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/3-ne/12.26?lang=eng#25 3 Nephi 12:26 (x2)])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
No etymology is persuasive. <br />
<br />
The most likely candidate is the [[EGYPTIAN(S)|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] term ''sniw'' ([[John Gee|JG]]) a unit of silver currency during the New Kingdom in [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPT</small>]].<ref>It was worth about 5 ''diban''; Janssen, Jack J. ''Commodity Prices from the Ramessid Period: An Economic Study of the Village of Necropolis Workmen at Thebes.'' (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1975.), 102-8.</ref> There are two challenges with this candidate. The first is that attestation after the New Kingdom is wanting. The second is that it needs another ''n''. There is one instance of a spelling ''snny'',<ref>Janssen, Jack J. ''Commodity Prices from the Ramessid Period: An Economic Study of the Village of Necropolis Workmen at Thebes.'' (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1975.), 103.</ref> but one would like more examples to show that this one writing is not simply a scribal error.<br />
<br />
Another possible [[EGYPTIAN(S)|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] etymology is ''snn'', "likeness, image,"<ref>[[Adolf Erman, and Hermann Grapow, Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache. 5 vols. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1926-1931.|''Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache'']], 460.</ref> though this is normally used of statues. The word becomes rare after Late [[EGYPTIAN(S)|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]], though it is attested through the Roman period (as ''snnw3'').<ref>Richard Jasnow and Karl-Th. Zauzich, ''The Ancient Egyptian Book of Thoth.'' vol. 1 (Weisbaden: Harrassowtiz Verlag, 2005.) 107, 240-41.</ref><br />
<br />
A [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] root such as ''snn'' or ''śnn'' would be ideal. The closest proposed root is ''ṣll'', “to lift up, exalt, raise, gather, cast up (into a heap)” or ''ṣlh'', “to lift up, suspend (a balance), weigh.” This is a distant possibility. The only way that this proposal would work would be if Reformed [[EGYPTIAN(S)|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] followed earlier [[EGYPTIAN(S)|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] transcription systems where Semitic ''l'' was expressed as [[EGYPTIAN(S)|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''n''. See also the more likely post biblical [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''ṣnh'' (=Arabic ''ṣny''), “to lift up, elevate” ([[John A. Tvedtnes|JAT]]), though we have not been able to find this root ([[Paul Y. Hoskisson|PYH]], [[John Gee|JG]]).<br />
<br />
A possible, but unlikely, candidate for the origin of '''S<small>ENINE</small>''' is [[EGYPTIAN(S)|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''snw'', a kind of jar ([[John A. Tvedtnes|JAT]]), though the unit of measure, volume, is not the same as the Book of Mormon unit of measure, mass. The [[EGYPTIAN(S)|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] word ''snw'' also needs another ''n''.<br />
<br />
Cf. Book of Mormon [[SENUM(S)|S<small>ENUM(S)</small>]], [[SEON|S<small>EON</small>]].<br />
<br />
See also [[Senine Variants]]<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">[[John Gee|JG]]</div><br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
[[Senine Variants|senire]], [[Senine Variants|Senine]]<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐝𐐀𐐤𐐌𐐤 (siːnaɪn)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
'''Bibliogaphy'''<br />
----<br />
* Adolf Erman and Hermann Grapow, ''Worterbuch der Aegyptischen Sprache''. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1926-1931. [[Adolf Erman, and Hermann Grapow, Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache. 5 vols. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1926-1931.|''Wb'']].<br />
* Jac. J. Janssen, ''Commodity Prices from the Ramessid Period: An Economic Study of the Village of Necropolis Workmen at Thebes''. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1975.<br />
* Richard Jasnow and Karl-Th. Zauzich, ''The Ancient Egyptian Book of Thoth''. Weisbaden: Harrassowtiz Verlag, 2005.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite noun]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=SERAPHIM&diff=11977
SERAPHIM
2015-01-22T19:39:15Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Biblical noun|Biblical noun]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|Heavenly beings mentioned in ancient [[ISRAELITES|I<small>SRAELITE</small>]] literature ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/2-ne/16.2,%206?lang=eng#1 2 Nephi 16:2, 6] = [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/isa/6.2,%206?lang=eng#1 Isaiah 6:2, 6])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
'''S<small>ERAPHIM</small>''' is the name of divine beings mentioned in the [[ISAIAH|I<small>SAIAH</small>]] section of the Book of Mormon but is not mentioned as a separate [[Personal Name|PN]] or [[Geographical Name|GN]] in the Book of Mormon.<ref>[[Ludwig Koehler|Ludwig Köhler]] and [[Walter Baumgartner|Walter Baumgartner]], eds. [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament'']], BRILL:CD-ROM, ed., under שרף, no. 4.</ref> Cf. [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] '''S<small>ERAPHIM</small>''' "beings present in the heavenly court of Yahweh; each has a face, hands and can speak."<ref>In the editions of the Book of Mormon to 1920 the word "'''S<small>ERAPHIM</small>'''" is given as "[[Seraphim / seraphims Variants|S<small>ERAPHIMS</small>]]."</ref><br />
<br />
See also [[Seraphim / seraphims Variants]]<br />
<br />
'''Variants'''<br />
<br />
[[Seraphim / seraphims Variants|Seraphims]], [[Seraphim / seraphims Variants|seraphims]]<br />
<br />
'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐝𐐇𐐡𐐈𐐙𐐆𐐣𐐞 (sɛræfɪmz)<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
----<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Names]][[Category:Biblical noun]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=George_Reynolds&diff=11976
George Reynolds
2015-01-22T19:36:49Z
<p>Rachele4: /* Bibliography */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Bibliography==<br />
*''Improvement Era'' 8, 705<br />
**Cited in: [[MORIANCUMER|M<small>ORIANCUMER</small>]]<br />
*"Nephite Proper Names" ''Juvenile Instructor'' 15 (15 September 1880): 207-8.<br />
*''Dictionary of the Book of Mormon; Comprising its Biographical Geographical, and Other Proper Names''; Together with Appendices by [[Janne M. Sjodahl]]. Salt Lake City: Juvenile Instructor Office, 1883, (R)1954.<br />
**Cited in: [[AIATH|A<small>IATH</small>]], [[ASSYRIA|A<small>SSYRIA</small>]], [[EZIAS|E<small>ZIAS</small>]], [[LIAHONA|L<small>IAHONA</small>]], [[MANTI|M<small>ANTI</small>]], [[SHAZER|S<small>HAZER</small>]], [[ZARAHEMLA|Z<small>ARAHEMLA</small>]], [[ZIFF|Z<small>IFF</small>]]<br />
*''The Story of the Book of Mormon''. Salt Lake City: Jos. Hyrum Parry, 1888.<br />
**Cited in: [[CHEMISH|C<small>HEMISH</small>]], [[MANTI|M<small>ANTI</small>]], [[NEPHIHAH|N<small>EPHIHAH</small>]], [[RABBANAH|R<small>ABBANAH</small>]], [[SAM|S<small>AM</small>]], [[SHAZER|S<small>HAZER</small>]], [[SHEREM|S<small>HEREM</small>]], [[ZENOS|Z<small>ENOS</small>]], [[ZIFF|Z<small>IFF</small>]]<br />
*''Commentary on the Book of Mormon'', 7 vols., P. C. Reynolds, ed. [[Salt Lake City|SLC]]: Deseret Book, 1955-1961. With [[Janne M. Sjodahl]]<br />
**Cited in: [[AARON|A<small>ARON</small>]], [[ABLOM|A<small>BLOM</small>]], [[AHA|A<small>HA</small>]], [[AMALEKI|A<small>MALEKI</small>]], [[AMMON|A<small>MMON</small>]], [[BOUNTIFUL|B<small>OUNTIFUL</small>]], [[COM|C<small>OM</small>]], [[CUMOMS|C<small>UMOMS</small>]], [[CURELOMS|C<small>URELOMS</small>]], [[ETHEM|E<small>THEM</small>]], [[ETHER|E<small>THER</small>]], [[GAZELEM|G<small>AZEELM</small>]], [[HETH|H<small>ETH</small>]], [[JARED|J<small>ARED</small>]], [[JERSHON|J<small>ERSHON</small>]], [[KISH|K<small>ISH</small>]], [[LAMONI|L<small>AMONI</small>]], [[LEMUEL|L<small>EMUEL</small>]], [[LIAHONA|L<small>IAHONA</small>]], [[LIB|L<small>IB</small>]], [[LIMNAH|L<small>IMNAH</small>]], [[MORIANCUMER|M<small>ORIANCUMER</small>]], [[MORON|M<small>ORON</small>]], [[MORONIHAH|M<small>ORONIHAH</small>]], [[NEHOR|N<small>EHOR</small>]], [[NEPHI|N<small>EPHI</small>]], [[NEPHIHAH|N<small>EPHIHAH</small>]], [[ORIHAH|O<small>RIHAH</small>]], [[SAM|S<small>AM</small>]], [[SEON|S<small>EON</small>]], [[SETH|S<small>ETH</small>]], [[SHIBLOM|S<small>HIBLOM</small>]], [[SHIBLON|S<small>HIBLON</small>]], [[SHULE|S<small>HULE</small>]], [[SHUM|S<small>HUM</small>]], [[ZENOCK|Z<small>ENOCK</small>]] <br />
*''A Complete Concordance to the Book of Mormon''. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1957.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Scholars]] [[Category:LDS Scholars]]</div>
Rachele4
https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=SHARED&diff=11975
SHARED
2015-01-22T19:28:39Z
<p>Rachele4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Jaredite PN|Jaredite PN]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|Challenger to the [[JAREDITES|J<small>AREDITE</small>]] throne ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/ether/13.23,%2024,%2027,%2028,%2029,%2030,%2031?lang=eng#22 Ether 13:23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30 (x2), 31]; [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/ether/14.3,%204,%205,%208?lang=eng#2 14:3 (x2), 4, 5, 8])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Etymology'''<br />
<br />
Until a possible language origin for [[JAREDITES|J<small>AREDITE</small>]] can be determined, all suggestions for etymologies of [[JAREDITES|J<small>AREDITE</small>]] names must remain more speculative than substantive.<br />
<br />
If [[JAREDITES|J<small>AREDITE</small>]] names can be traced to Semitic roots, ('''S<small>HARED</small>''' may be a translation of the [[JAREDITES|J<small>AREDITE</small>]] name into [[NEPHITE(S)|N<small>EPHITE</small>]] and not a transliteration), Ugaritic ''šrd'', “to present (an offering), bring down from God,” probably a ''Š''-stem causative from the root ''yrd'', “to descend,”<ref>''Analytic Ugaritic Bibliography'', ed. Manfried Dietrich and Oswald Loretz, Alter Orient und Altes Testament 20/6 (Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1996), 693.</ref> then '''S<small>HARED</small>''' could mean “offering” or “presentation.” Note a possible parallel construction, with interchange ''d'' > ''t'', in the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''šārēt'', “service” in cultic ritual ([http://lds.org/scriptures/ot/num/4.12?lang=eng#11 Numbers 4:12] and [http://lds.org/scriptures/ot/2-chr/24.14?lang=eng#13 2 Chronicles 24:14]), from the verb ''šrt'' meaning “to serve” in cultic ritual.<ref>[[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''The Hebrew & Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament'']]: sub שרת.</ref> <br />
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Confer also the Ebla city-name *''šeraduki'' (Pettinato, Archives) ([[John A. Tvedtnes|JAT]]).<br />
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([[Paul Y. Hoskisson|PYH]])<br />
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'''Variants'''<br />
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'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐟𐐁𐐡𐐇𐐔 (ʃeɪrɛd)<br />
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'''Notes'''<br />
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<references/><br />
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[[Category:Names]][[Category:Jaredite PN]]</div>
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https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php?title=SHAZER&diff=11974
SHAZER
2015-01-22T19:25:28Z
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<div>{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[:Category:Lehite GN|Lehite GN]]'''<br />
|1.<br />
|Campsite in the wilderness of Arabia, 4 days travel SSE from the River [[LAMAN|L<small>AMAN</small>]] in the Valley of [[LEMUEL|L<small>EMUEL</small>]], along the [[RED SEA|R<small>ED SEA</small>]] coastal plain ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/16.13,%2014?lang=eng#12 1 Nephi 16:13, 14]), i.e., the Tihamah, probably not far below the Straits of Tiran, in the shadow of the Jabal al-Hijaz range.<br />
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'''Etymology'''<br />
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The most likely suggestion for '''S<small>HAZER</small>''' is from Sidney Sperry,<ref> Sidney B. Sperry, in ''Book of Mormon Testifies'', posits an active root. This is the reading that appears in the note to verse13 in the 1981edition of the Book of Mormon. Sidney B. Sperry. ''Book of Mormon Testifies.'' (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1952), 59.</ref> who took it from the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] root ''šazar'', meaning “to twist, to intertwine,” but which only appears in the ''hophal'' participle in the [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] Bible.<ref>For the ''hophal'' participle see [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/ex/26.1,%2031,%2036?lang=eng#primary Exodus 26:1, 31, 36], and in chapters [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/ex/27?lang=eng 27], [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/ex/28?lang=eng 28], [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/ex/36?lang=eng 36], [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/ex/38?lang=eng 38], and [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/ex/39?lang=eng 39]. See especially [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/ex/39.24?lang=eng#23 Exodus 39:24].</ref> The root appears in post-biblical [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''šazar'', ''yišzor'', ''šezira'', etc.; cf. ''šezir'' “twisted thread, cord” in Targum Jonathan [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/ex/28.28?lang=eng#27 Exodus 28:28], [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/ex/39.31?lang=eng#30 39:31], [http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/num/15.38?lang=eng#37 Numbers 15:38], and in Talmud & Midrash ([[Marcus Jastrow, A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yeushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature. New York: Judaica Press, 1996.|Jastrow]] 1545). The understanding of '''S<small>HAZER</small>''' in [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] as "twisted" could be a reference to the acacia trees at this oasis where [[LEHI|L<small>EHI</small>]]'s group camped and rested. According to James K. Hoffmeier in his book, ''Ancient Israel in Sinai: The Evidence for the Authenticity of the Wilderness Tradition'': "Most acacia are short and tend to be twisted."<ref>James K. Hoffmeier, ''Ancient Israel in Sinai: The Evidence for the Authenticity of the Wilderness Tradition'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005). We wish to thank Ryan Parr of Thunder Bay, Ontario Canada, for providing these observations.</ref> Significantly, acacia trees tend to grow in wadis where there is moisture. It is cognate with Arabic ''šazara'' “look askew at, suspiciously; twisted wrong way” as for a cord (from left).<ref> For full coverage of the many forms and meanings of this Arabic root, see [[Edward W. Lane]], ''An Arabic-English Lexicon'', 8 vols. (London: Williams & Norgate, 1863-1893/reprint N.Y.: F. Ungar Publ., 1955-1956), IV:1546-1547.</ref> The vowels of '''S<small>HAZER</small>''' would be the vowels of the ''qal'' participle form, and could mean something like, “twister.”<br />
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[[Hugh W. Nibley|Hugh Nibley]] suggested a common Palestinian place-name “''shajer''” (which he said was pronounced “''shazher''” in [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Arabic) as in ''ṯoǵret ʾaš-šaǰȗr'' “Pass of the Trees,” from a collective noun meaning “trees”: ''šajr'', ''šajara'', ''šajir'', ''ašjar'', ''šajra'', etc., “trees, forest, woody, wooded,” etc. (actually ''šagar'', ''šagara'' in colloquial [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] Arabic), but which has a homophone that means “quarrel, break out (unrest), fight.”<ref>[[Hugh W. Nibley]], ''Lehi in the Desert'' in The Collected Works of [[Hugh W. Nibley|Hugh Nibley]] 5 (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book; Provo, UT: Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, 1988), 78-9. See also [[John A. Tvedtnes]], ed., ''Book of Mormon Onomastica: The Phonology and Etymology of Book of Mormon Names'' (Provo, UT: Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, 1985), N156. Likewise, many forms and meanings in [[Edward W. Lane|Edward W. Lane]], ''An Arabic-English Lexicon.'' vol. IV. (London: Williams &Nargate, 1863-1893; reprint New York: F. Ungar Publ., 1955-1956), 1506-1508; cf. [[Edward W. Lane|Ibid.]], 1561 ''šʿr'' “trees,” and IV:1566 #8 ''šġr'' “watering-place (off the beaten track).”</ref> <br />
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Also intriguing is the name of a famous water-hole in South Arabia called ''Šisur'' by B. Thomas, and ''Šisar'' by H. St. John Philby ([[Hugh W. Nibley|Nibley]], ''Lehi in the Desert'' [1952] = [[The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley. 19 vols. SLC: FARMS/Deseret, 1986-2010.|''CWHN'']] V:78-79).<ref>Bertram Thomas, ''Arabia Felix: Across the “Empty Quarter” of Arabia''. (New York: Charles Scribner’s sons, 1932), 136, “Shisur tomorrow. No wonder it looms so large in the Arab mind, for it is the first water-hole we meet for five days….Shisur’s loneliness makes it an inevitable place of call for raiders, and it is a proper practice to fill in a water-hole when leaving to delay possible pursuers.” Harry St. John Bridger Philby, ''The Empty Quarter: Being a Description of the Great South Desert of Arabia known as Rub’al Khali''. (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1933), 231, “For me such a plan had but little attraction beyond the possibility that we might light upon the Rashid and Hamad ibn Sultan near the Shisar well and with their help arrange to cut back westward into the Hadhramaut border.”</ref> Apparently at one time it was the old Omani town or caravanserai ''Šisr''.<ref>''Šisur'' meaning "Cleft, Sinkhole," according to Juris Zarins and Nicholas Clapp, "Incense Road." ''NOVA'', PBS-TV [Boston: WGBH, 1996]; Clapp, "The Incense Road from Ubar to Petra: An Overview," UCLA Extension course lecture, Nov 16, 1996, under program title: "Ubar to Petra: The Ancient Incense Route"; cf. Zarins in E. Meyers, ed.,'' Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East'' [1997], 5:252-254.</ref> This location in Oman is of course unrelated to the site mentioned in the Book of Mormon; nevertheless, the name itself, used for a watering hole and a place to camp, is significant.<ref>[[John A. Tvedtnes]], ed., pointed this out in ''Book of Mormon Onomastica'' (Provo: [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies|FARMS]], 1985), N156.</ref> <br />
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Cf. also ancient [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''sdr'' “spend the night, lie down to rest,” ''sdryt'' “sleeping-place” (R. Faulkner, ''Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian'', 259), which would provide an appropriate name for a campsite.<br />
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Another ancient [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] term is syllabic ''šЗ-gЗ-r'' indicating some sort of “body of water” ([[James E. Hoch|J. Hoch]], ''Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and 3rd Intermediate Period'' [1994], #415, dynasties 20-21), but the interchange /z/>/g/ and /z/</g/ is otherwise unattested. <br />
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Note also [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''šyḥwr'' (< [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''š(y)-ḥr'' “the pond of Horus)<ref> [[Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. revised by W. Baumgartner and Johann J. Stamm. Leiden: Brill, 1994. trans. of 5-volume 3rd German edition.|''The Hebrew & Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament'']]: שיחור</ref> = [[Septuaginta. Alfred Rahlfs, ed. 8th ed. Stuttgart: Württembergische Bibelanstalt, 1965.|LXX]] ''seiōr'' (an [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] name). The /š/ and /r/ match up well, but /ḥ/ > /z/ṣ/ is problematic.<br />
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Finally, there is ''ssr'', a Carthaginian Punic use of ancient [[EGYPT|E<small>GYPTIAN</small>]] ''sЗ-sr'' “son-of-the-ram” ([[Yoshiyuki Muchiki|Y. Muchiki]], ''Egyptian Proper Names and Loanwords in North-West Semitic'', 28). But the dissimulation of /s/>/š/ and /s/>/z/ makes this suggestion highly questionable.<br />
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An unlikely etymology would be [[HEBREW|H<small>EBREW</small>]] ''khazîr'' ([http://www.lds.org/scriptures/ot/ps/104.14?lang=eng#13 Psalms 104:14]), “green herbs” ([[Janne M. Sjodahl|Sjodahl]], ''Autheniticity of the Book of Mormon'', p. 11; [[George Reynolds|Reynolds]], ''Story of the Book of Mormon'', p. 299; [[George Reynolds|Reynolds]], ''Dictionary of the Book of Mormon'', p. 248).<br />
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'''Variants'''<br />
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'''[[Deseret Alphabet]]:''' 𐐟𐐁𐐞𐐇𐐡 (ʃeɪzɛr)<br />
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'''Notes'''<br />
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<references/><br />
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[[Category:Names]][[Category:Lehite GN]]</div>
Rachele4